Obesity and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in adolescent girls

Hillman, Jennifer B.; Dorn, Lorah D.; Loucks, Tammy L.; Berga, Sarah L.

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.07.009

Cited by 56 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…There is ongoing debate whether altered cortisol levels are cause or consequence of obesity [9,33]. Obesity has been linked to increased cortisol production, but also lower cortisol levels have been observed due to increased metabolic clearance of cortisol among obese subjects [10,22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender-Specific Alterations in Salivary Cortisol Levels in Pubertal Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Offspring

Belva¹,

Painter²,

Schiettecatte

et al. 2013

Horm Res Paediatr

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Background: There is accumulating evidence that in vitro conception in humans may be associated with adverse health outcomes later in life. It has been proposed that suboptimal early life conditions may ‘program' key endocrine systems. A disturbance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leading to alterations in cortisol secretion in the offspring may be such a mechanism. To date, no data on cortisol levels in children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are available in the literature. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, salivary cortisol known as a key regulator of metabolism was measured and results were compared between 201 pubertal ICSI children and 196 spontaneously conceived (SC) counterparts. Results: ICSI females had lower mean salivary cortisol levels (9.0 µg/l; 95% CI 8.1-9.9) than SC females (10.6 µg/l; 95% CI 9.7-11.5; p = 0.01). This difference remained after adjusting for current characteristics, early life factors and maternal characteristics. In ICSI males, no difference in cortisol levels was found in comparison with the SC group. Conclusion: In our study, 14-year-old female but not male ICSI teenagers were found to have lower salivary cortisol concentrations in comparison with SC peers. However, before definite conclusions can be drawn, our results should be completed by longitudinal sampling.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, only few studies report on the cortisol levels in children in relation to adiposity, blood pressure and glucose tolerance [9]. Lower mean cortisol concentrations were reported in 5- to 16-year-old obese children in comparison with lean children [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-Specific Alterations in Salivary Cortisol Levels in Pubertal Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Offspring

Belva¹,

Painter²,

Schiettecatte

et al. 2013

Horm Res Paediatr

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The circadian rhythm of cortisol seems to be altered in obesity [26], and cortisol levels are increased or decreased depending on the type of obesity and the activity of the HPA axis [27]. A high amount of glucocorticoid receptors in neutrophils enables them to reduce their apoptosis rate in response to dexamethasone [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Adiponectin, High Levels of Apoptosis and Increased Peripheral Blood Neutrophil Activity in Healthy Obese Subjects

Trellakis¹,

Rydleuskaya²,

Fischer³

et al. 2012

Obes Facts

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Objective: Growing evidence supports a link between obesity and inflammation. Current research is focused on the role of adipokines such as adiponectin and immune cells, especially macrophages, in adipose tissue. Our aim was to examine the role of inflammation not in tissue but in the peripheral blood of healthy overweight and obese subjects. We especially investigated the role of neutrophils and their possible regulation by adiponectin. Methods: In healthy normal-weight, overweight, and obese human subjects (n = 32) the peripheral blood concentrations of adipokines, satiety hormones, apoptosis markers, and cytokines as well as the blood count were related to inflammation and neutrophils, at 3 independent days of examination. The response of neutrophils to stimulation by adiponectin was also investigated in vitro. Results: In obese and by tendency already in overweight subjects, inflammation was increased showing a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, increased chemokines (CXCL8, CCL3, CCL5), increased apoptosis markers (M30 and M65), and changes in hormone levels in the peripheral blood. LPS- and fMLP-induced production of CXCL8 by neutrophils was elevated in overweight and obese subjects. High plasma levels of adiponectin were associated with reduced CXCL8 production in peripheral blood neutrophils. In vitro, production of CXCL8 by neutrophils was inhibited by adiponectin. Conclusion: Reduced adiponectin and enhanced apoptosis may occur already in the peripheral blood of healthy overweight subjects. This process seems to further enhance neutrophil activity in overweight and obese.

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“…[41][42][43][44] However, relatively few studies have examined associations between anxiety/depression, the HPA axis and obesity. 20,[45][46][47] Our previous study, carried out in a clinical population of OC, 20 revealed that overall salivary cortisol concentrations were increased in children with anxiety or depressive symptomatology, as assessed by the STAiC and the CDi questionnaires 48,49 compared to OC without any affective morbidity and to those with anxiety and depression comorbidity. Disturbed cortisol concentrations in these children might be associated with further morbidity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Internalizing and externalizing problems in obese children and adolescents: associations with daily salivary cortisol concentrations

Pervanidou

Bastaki

Chouliaras

et al. 2015

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OBJECTIVE: Pediatric obesity commonly co-exists with emotional and behavioral disorders, while disturbed cortisol concentrations have been reported in both obese and chronically stressed individuals with anxiety and/or depression. We investigated the prevalence of internalizing and externalizing problems, reported by both parents and children, in a clinical population of obese children (OC) compared to normal-weight children. We examined the role of cortisol as a potential mediator between obesity and such problems. DESIGN: We compared 110 obese with 31 normal-weight children. The Greek version of the child behavior checklist (CBCL) and the youth self-report (YSR) were used and salivary cortisol was determined serially five times a day. RESULTS: T-scores of internalizing problems (anxiety/depression, social withdrawal, somatic complains) reported by both children (49.3±12.3 vs. 43.2±9.1) and mothers (60.6±11.3 vs. 50.6±10.4) were significantly higher (p=0.03 and p<0.001, respectively) in the obese than in the lean children. Externalizing problems (delinquency, rule-breaking behaviors) reported only by mothers were significantly higher in the OC (57.2 ±10.5 vs. 48.2±13.3, p=0.003). The cortisol area under the curve (AUC) was significantly smaller (p=0.03) in the OC than in the controls; however, a cortisol correlation with internalizing/externalizing symptoms was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of internalizing and externalizing problems in a clinical population of OC. A mediation effect of cortisol in the relation between internalizing/ externalizing problems and obesity could not be supported.

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Obesity and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in adolescent girls

Cited by 56 publications

References 38 publications

Gender-Specific Alterations in Salivary Cortisol Levels in Pubertal Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Offspring

Gender-Specific Alterations in Salivary Cortisol Levels in Pubertal Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Offspring

Low Adiponectin, High Levels of Apoptosis and Increased Peripheral Blood Neutrophil Activity in Healthy Obese Subjects

Internalizing and externalizing problems in obese children and adolescents: associations with daily salivary cortisol concentrations

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