Obesity and risk of infections: results from men and women in the Swedish National March Cohort

Ghilotti, Francesca; Bellocco, Rino; Ye, Weimin; Adami, Hans‐Olov; Lagerros, Ylva Trolle

doi:10.1093/ije/dyz129

Cited by 29 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…These infections are less common in high income countries but infections with pathogens such as Clostridioides difficile still pose a considerable public health burden ( 13 ). Notably, lifestyle factors such as poor diet (high sugar/high fat) and lack of exercise may not only lead to metabolic diseases, such as type 2-diabetes, but may also predispose to opportunistic infections due to dysfunctional mucosal barrier function ( 14 ). Enteric infections are also a major constraint in all livestock production systems, causing billions of dollars in lost production annually and compromising animal welfare and food security ( 15 ).…”

Section: Gut Pathogens and The Mucosal Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Enteric Infection and Immunity by Dietary Proanthocyanidins

2021

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The role of dietary components in immune function has acquired considerable attention in recent years. An important focus area is to unravel the role of bioactive dietary compounds in relation to enteric disease and their impact on gut mucosal immunity. Proanthocyanidins (PAC) are among the most common and most consumed dietary polyphenols, and are characterised by their variable molecular structures and diverse bioactivities. In particular, their anti-oxidative effects and ability to modulate gut microbiota have been widely described. However, there is limited evidence on the mechanism of action of PAC on the immune system, nor is it clearly established how PAC may influence susceptibility to enteric infections. Establishing the sites of action of PAC and their metabolites within the gut environment is fundamental to determine the applicability of PAC against enteric pathogens. Some mechanistic studies have shown that PAC have direct modulatory effects on immune cell signalling, isolated pathogens, and gut mucosal barrier integrity. Boosting the recruitment of immune cells and suppressing the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines are modulating factors regulated by PAC, and can either be beneficial or detrimental in the course of re-establishing gut homeostasis. Herein, we review how PAC may alter distinct immune responses towards enteric bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, and how the modulation of gut microbiota may act as a mediating factor. Furthermore, we discuss how future studies could help unravel the role of PAC in preventing and/or alleviating intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis caused by enteric disease.

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Section: Gut Pathogens and The Mucosal Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Enteric Infection and Immunity by Dietary Proanthocyanidins

2021

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“…Most of these hallmarks have direct or indirect negative impact on the well-balanced immune surveillance system leading to an impaired immune response, flawed chemotaxis, and deregulated immune cell differentiation [17]. Consequently, it is well documented that obesity is associated with an enhanced risk as well as worse course of infectious diseases with increased complications, prolonged hospitalization, and elevated critical illnesses [18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Both Pandemics

Ritter

Kreis

Louwen

et al. 2020

IJMS

111

122

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The coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly spreading worldwide and is becoming a major public health crisis. Increasing evidence demonstrates a strong correlation between obesity and the COVID-19 disease. We have summarized recent studies and addressed the impact of obesity on COVID-19 in terms of hospitalization, severity, mortality, and patient outcome. We discuss the potential molecular mechanisms whereby obesity contributes to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition to obesity-related deregulated immune response, chronic inflammation, endothelium imbalance, metabolic dysfunction, and its associated comorbidities, dysfunctional mesenchymal stem cells/adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells may also play crucial roles in fueling systemic inflammation contributing to the cytokine storm and promoting pulmonary fibrosis causing lung functional failure, characteristic of severe COVID-19. Moreover, obesity may also compromise motile cilia on airway epithelial cells and impair functioning of the mucociliary escalators, reducing the clearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Obese diseased adipose tissues overexpress the receptors and proteases for the SARS-CoV-2 entry, implicating its possible roles as virus reservoir and accelerator reinforcing violent systemic inflammation and immune response. Finally, anti-inflammatory cytokines like anti-interleukin 6 and administration of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells may serve as potential immune modulatory therapies for supportively combating COVID-19. Obesity is conversely related to the development of COVID-19 through numerous molecular mechanisms and individuals with obesity belong to the COVID-19-susceptible population requiring more protective measures.

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“…Several observational studies have supported an association between obesity and infection. [7][8][9][10][11] In the largest reported to date, Winter-Jensen et al followed 101,447 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study cohort over 8.8 years. 9 Here, elevated body mass index (BMI) was associated with increased risk of sepsis, urinary tract, and skin infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiometabolic traits, sepsis and severe covid-19: a Mendelian randomization investigation

Ponsford

Gkatzionis

Walker

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Objectives: To investigate whether there is a causal effect of cardiometabolic traits on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19. Design: Mendelian randomisation analysis. Setting: UK Biobank and HUNT study population-based cohorts for risk of sepsis, and genome-wide association study summary data for risk of severe covid-19 with respiratory failure. Participants: 12,455 sepsis cases (519,885 controls) and 1,610 severe covid-19 with respiratory failure cases (2,205 controls). Exposure: Genetic variants that proxy body mass index (BMI), lipid traits, systolic blood pressure, lifetime smoking score, and type 2 diabetes liability - derived from studies considering between 188,577 to 898,130 participants. Main outcome measures: Risk of sepsis and severe covid-19 with respiratory failure. Results: Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51; smoking: odds ratio 2.81 per standard deviation increase, 95% CI 2.09-3.79) and HUNT (BMI: 1.41, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.69; smoking: 1.93, 95% CI 1.02-3.64). Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were also associated with increased risk of severe covid-19, although with wider confidence intervals (BMI: 1.75, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.57; smoking: 3.94, 95% CI 1.13 to 13.75). There was limited evidence to support associations of genetically proxied lipid traits, systolic blood pressure or type 2 diabetes liability with risk of sepsis or severe covid-19. Similar findings were generally obtained when using Mendelian randomization methods that are more robust to the inclusion of pleiotropic variants, although the precision of estimates was reduced. Conclusions: Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19. Clinical and public health interventions targeting obesity and smoking are likely to reduce sepsis and covid-19 related morbidity, along with the plethora of other health-related outcomes that these traits adversely affect.

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Obesity and risk of infections: results from men and women in the Swedish National March Cohort

Cited by 29 publications

References 35 publications

Regulation of Enteric Infection and Immunity by Dietary Proanthocyanidins

Regulation of Enteric Infection and Immunity by Dietary Proanthocyanidins

Obesity and COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms Linking Both Pandemics

Cardiometabolic traits, sepsis and severe covid-19: a Mendelian randomization investigation

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