Obesity and Its Complications Pathogenesis

Avaliação da suplementação com caseína sobre o periodonto e osso mandibular de ratos alimentados com dieta padrão e dieta de cafeteria

“…Se esse comportamento é contínuo, forma-se cada vez mais tecido adiposo no organismo (Tappia & Defried, 2020). A obesidade é um problema de saúde pública a nível mundial atualmente, já que é precursora de diversas outras comorbidades, como doenças cardiovasculares, endocrinológicas e osteo metabólicas (Schetz et al, 2019;Afobali et al, 2020;So & Yadav, 2020). Embora a relação entre a obesidade e o metabolismo ósseo ainda não seja totalmente elucidada, nas últimas décadas estudos têm demonstrado relação entre obesidade, osteopenia e osteoporose (Greco et al, 2010;Gkastaris et al, 2020).…”

Bitter Melon in Combination with Diet Modification and Regular Exercise Can Prevent and Treat Obesity and Hypertension Cost-Effectively

“…The World Health Organization [1] identified chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) or chronic diseases (CD) as cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels) diseases (CVDs), stroke, overweight and obesity, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases (CRD), cerebrovascular disease, kidney failure, dental diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM) and a few others [2]. CVDs are further classified into heart failure or cardiomyopathy, hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery diseases (CAD), arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death (SCD) and others [3,4]. Chronic diseases are often viewed to affect old people primarily but at this moment in time, they affect children as young as 12 years of age.…”

“…Currently, it is estimated that NCDs kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 71% of all deaths globally. Moreover, 15 million people die from NCDs, especially during their working age, between 30 and 69 years and over 85% of these are premature deaths, especially in low-and middleincome countries throughout the world [1,3,5]. Figure 21.1 shows some of the major risk factors for obesity, a major NCD, and they include smoking, environment factors, genetics, alcohol intake, high level of stress, physical inactivity, unhealthy diets composed with excessive fats and sugar, constant snaking and binging (over eating and unhealthy eating patterns), few calories expended, family structure, socioeconomic problems, no psychological intervention, some medications and health conditions including hormone imbalance, lack of knowledge in self-care, parental and birth weights not enough sleep, hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, Cushing's syndrome and others [4,7,8].…”

“…More than 13% of the world's 7.8 billion people (11% of men and 15% of women) are obese, defined as having a body-mass-index of >30 kg/m 2 . In the current climate of health and nutrition, the global trend is that more than 50% of the world's population will be obese or over weight by 2030 [3,5]. In North America, several Asian, European and Middle Eastern Countries, >30% of adults are obese.…”

“…Similar to DM, obesity is a major NCD and it is also a major global health problem currently affecting more than 700 million adults and more than 2 billion people are overweight. Both obesity and overweight are defined as an abnormal excessive fat accumulation in the body leading to diabetes, cancer, hypertension and heart diseases over time [3,5]. What is now worrying is that children as young as 8-12 years of age are obese due to excessive body weight?…”