Obesity and inflammation

Karczewski, Jacek; Śledzińska, Ewelina; Baturo, Alina; Jończyk, Izabela; Maleszko, Aleksander; Samborski, Paweł; Begier-Krasińska, Beata; Dobrowolska, Agnieszka

doi:10.1684/ecn.2018.0415

Cited by 218 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…The metabolic disorders most significantly related to obesity are insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus; hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases; many forms of cancer and various other inflammation related diseases [13][14][15][16]. All these disorders frequently related to obesity are also found to be associated with patients at increased risk of developing COVID-19 infection.…”

Section: Key Concept 1: Adipocyte-an Active Endocrine Organmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and COVID-19: A Fatal Alliance

et al. 2020

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Most people infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV2) are mildly symptomatic while few progress to critical illness and succumb to the infection. The disease severity is seen to be associated with increasing age and underlying comorbid conditions. Obesity, responsible for various metabolic disorders, appears to be a risk factor in determining the severity of infection despite any age group. Though this association is clinically relevant, the mechanisms underlying are not fully elucidated. SARS CoV2 enters host cell via Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 receptor, expression of which is upregulated in visceral fat tissue in obese people, underscoring the fact that adipose tissue is a potential reservoir for virus. Adipose tissue is also a source of many proinflammatory mediators and adipokines. High baseline C-Reactive Protein, interleukin 6, hyperleptinemia with Leptin resistance and hypoadiponectinemia associated with obesity explains the preexisting inflammatory state in obese individuals which predisposes them to worse outcomes and fatality. Keywords COVID-19 Á Obesity Á Interleukin-6 Á Creactive protein Á ACE 2 Á Leptin Abbreviations SARS CoV2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 CoV Coronavirus COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 IL-6 Interleukin-6 TNF-a Tumor necrosis factor alpha BMI Basal metabolic index IMV Invasive mechanical ventilation ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome RAS Renin angiotensin system ACE 2 Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 AT1R Angiotensin II type 1 receptor TMPRSS2 Trans membrane serine protease 2 CRP C-reactive protein hs-CRP High sensitivity C-reactive protein IL-6R Interleukin-6 receptor sIL-6R

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Section: Key Concept 1: Adipocyte-an Active Endocrine Organmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and COVID-19: A Fatal Alliance

et al. 2020

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“…Many inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18 are secreted by M1 macrophages. Therefore, T helper cell 1 (Th1) to Th2 ratio, (26) and Th17 increase in obesity, which results in an immune imbalance (33). M1 macrophages also play an essential role in the development of tissue-level insulin resistance in obesity.…”

Section: Obesity and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Impact Potential of Supplemental Nutrients as Adjuncts of Therapy in High-Risk COVID-19 for Obese Patients

Şahin

Orhan

Uckun³

et al. 2020

Front. Nutr.

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The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) in China at the end of 2019 caused a major global pandemic and continues to be an unresolved global health crisis. The supportive care interventions for reducing the severity of symptoms along with participation in clinical trials of investigational treatments are the mainstay of COVID-19 management because there is no effective standard therapy for COVID-19. The comorbidity of COVID-19 rises in obese patients. Micronutrients may boost the host immunity against viral infections, including COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the clinical impact potential of supplemental nutrients as adjuncts of therapy in high-risk COVID-19 for obese patients.

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“…The immune system acts upon inflammation that occurs in adipose tissue due to obesity, increasing vulnerability to infections [2]. Increased circulating levels of many cytokines and proteins released by adipocytes are associated with inflammation in obese individuals [3]. Inflammation from adipose tissue generates chronic and systemic metabolic alterations leading to dyslipidemia, hypertension, CVD and diabetes, thus increasing the risk of infection by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19

Lucena

Santos

Lima

et al. 2020

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Revi

163

129

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Background and aims: The outbreak of the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causes a respiratory disease and individuals with pre-existing cardiometabolic disorders display worse prognosis through the infection course. The aim of this minireview is to present epidemiological data related to metabolic comorbidities in association with the SARS-CoV-2. Methods: This is a narrative mini-review with Pubmed search until April 23, 2020 using the keywords COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, treatment of coronavirus and following terms: diabetes mellitus, obesity, arterial hypertension, ACE-inhibitors, cytokine storm, immune response and vitamin D. Results: Studies indicate that obese individuals are more likely to develop infections, and that adipose tissue serves as a pathogen reservoir. In diabetic individuals higher rate of inflammatory processes is seen due to constant glucose recognition by C type lectin receptors. Hypertensive individuals, usually grouped with other conditions, are treated with drugs to reduce blood pressure mostly through ACEi and ARB, that leads to increased ACE2 expression, used by SARS-CoV-2 for human's cell entry. Until now, the studies have shown that individuals with those conditions and affected by COVID-19 present an uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an unbalanced immune response, leading to the cytokine storm phenomenon. Vitamin D is highlighted as a potential therapeutic target, because in addition to acting on the immune system, it plays an important role in the control of cardiometabolic diseases. Conclusion: Currently, since there is no proven and effective antiviral therapy for SARS-CoV-2, the efforts should focus on controlling inflammatory response and reduce the risks of associated complications.

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Obesity and inflammation

Cited by 218 publications

References 138 publications

Obesity and COVID-19: A Fatal Alliance

Obesity and COVID-19: A Fatal Alliance

Clinical Impact Potential of Supplemental Nutrients as Adjuncts of Therapy in High-Risk COVID-19 for Obese Patients

Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19

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