Obesity and diabetes: the link between adipose tissue dysfunction and glucose homeostasis

Abstract

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) epidemics, which have already spread, imply the possibility of both conditions being closely related. Thus, the goal of the present review was to draw a parallel between obesity, adipose tissue (AT) changes, and T2DM development. To this end, a search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE and SciELO databases, using the following key words and their combinations: obesity; diabetes; insulin resistance; diet; weight loss; adipocin; inflammation markers; and interleukins. Based on a literature review, AT dysfunction observed in obesity is characterised by adipocyte hypertrophy, macrophage infiltration, impaired insulin signalling and insulin resistance. In addition, there is release of inflammatory adipokines and an excessive amount of NEFA promoting ectopic fat deposition and lipotoxicity in muscle, liver and pancreas. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that the conception of AT as a passive energy storage organ should be replaced by a dynamic endocrine organ, which regulates metabolism through a complex adipocyte communication with the surrounding microenvironment. The present review demonstrates how glucose homeostasis is changed by AT dysfunction. A better understanding of this relationship enables performing nutritional intervention strategies with the goal of preventing T2DM.

Mitochondrial activity and dynamics changes regarding metabolism in ageing and obesity

“…The decrease in the capacity to respond to insulin induces ectopic fat deposition in other organs producing lipotoxicity in muscle, liver and also in pancreas. Thus, the prevalence of obesity in older people has been considered the major cause of metabolic syndrome (Karakelides et al, 2010) and changes in adipose tissue have been recently associated with the development of T2DM (Abranches et al, 2015). Losses of lean mass and shifts to central adiposity have been related to functional decline and considered as predictors of mortality (Kirkland et al, 2002).…”

Ability of dairy fat in inducing metabolic syndrome in rats

“…Insulin resistance leaves various effects which include reduced ability of fat cells in removing blood lipids and increased hydrolysis of environmental triglycerides. This hydrolysis leads to the increased number of free fatty acids in blood flow and its subsequent health problems (Abranches et al 2015). …”

Beneficial Effects of n-3 Fatty Acids on Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Clinical Trial

“…The prevalence of both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are increasing worldwide, supporting the possibility of their close relationship [1]. Abnormalities in inflammatory pathways and dysfunctions in adipose tissue are linked [2].…”