Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: A consensus statement from the National Lipid Association

Abstract

The term "fat" may refer to lipids as well as the cells and tissue that store lipid (ie, adipocytes and adipose tissue). "Lipid" is derived from "lipos," which refers to animal fat or vegetable oil. Adiposity refers to body fat and is derived from "adipo," referring to fat. Adipocytes and adipose tissue store the greatest amount of body lipids, including triglycerides and free cholesterol. Adipocytes and adipose tissue are active from an endocrine and immune standpoint. Adipocyte hypertrophy and excessive adipose tissue accumulation can promote pathogenic adipocyte and adipose tissue effects (adiposopathy), resulting in abnormal levels of circulating lipids, with dyslipidemia being a major atherosclerotic coronary heart disease risk factor. It is therefore incumbent upon lipidologists to be among the most knowledgeable in the understanding of the relationship between excessive body fat and dyslipidemia. On September 16, 2012, the National Lipid Association held a Consensus Conference with the goal of better defining the effect of adiposity on lipoproteins, how the pathos of excessive body fat (adiposopathy) contributes to dyslipidemia, and how therapies such as appropriate nutrition, increased physical activity, weight-management drugs, and bariatric surgery might be expected to impact dyslipidemia. It is hoped that the information derived from these proceedings will promote a greater appreciation among clinicians of the impact of excess adiposity and its treatment on dyslipidemia and prompt more research on the effects of interventions for improving dyslipidemia and reducing cardiovascular disease risk in overweight and obese patients.

Expression of Adipocyte Biomarkers in a Primary Cell Culture Models Reflects Preweaning Adipobiology

“…Given the putative and important role of adipose tissue expansion in the etiology of insulin resistance (35)(36)(37), it behooves us to understand the underlying mechanism controlling adipocyte hypertrophy. In these experiments, we attempted to create conditions that enhance adipocyte hypertrophy to assess the effects on Mest and Sfrp5.…”

An International Atherosclerosis Society Position Paper: Global recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia

“…HDL-C can decline during active weight loss, with a typical return to baseline, or increase above baseline longer term if weight loss is maintained. In addition to improvement in lipid blood levels with nutritional and physical activity interventions, overweight, dyslipidemic patients may simultaneously experience improvement in lipid blood levels with fat weight loss promoted by weight management drug therapies as well as bariatric surgery (Bays et al 2013). Epidemiological studies show that obesity is an underlying risk factor for ASCVD (Hubert et al 1983;Park and Kim 2012); this risk is mediated largely through major risk factors, but possibly through emerging risk factors as well.…”

“…Epidemiological studies indicate that physical inactivity associates with increased risk for ASCVD (Thompson et al 2003). Regular physical activity helps to prevent obesity with the accompanying beneficial effects on lipoproteins (Bays et al 2013). Vigorous physical activity appears to independently lower triglycerides and raise HDL-C (Vanhees et al 2012).…”

High Dietary ω-6:ω-3 PUFA Ratio Is Positively Associated with Excessive Adiposity and Waist Circumference

“…Overfeeding leads to adiposity, defined as body fat accumulation, which in turn leads to adipocyte dysfunction [8] . In this state, lower levels of adiponectin are observed [9] .…”