Obese adults walk differently in shoes than while barefoot

Technological Solutions for Human Movement Analysis in Obese Subjects: A Systematic Review

“…Considering the population involved, five of forty-three papers included only one group of obese subjects without a control group [ 33 , 46 , 48 , 59 , 77 ]; six studies included three groups, represented by obese, over-weight, and normal-weight subjects [ 21 , 38 , 58 , 72 , 74 , 79 ]. The remaining thirty-two papers involved two groups, i.e., obese and normal-weight subjects.…”

“…More than half of the papers focused on gait tasks: (i) gait overground [ 30 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 40 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 53 , 55 , 58 , 59 , 62 , 67 , 70 , 71 , 73 , 74 ]; (ii) gait on the treadmill [ 28 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 57 , 64 ]; and (iii) the comparison between the overground and treadmill [ 29 , 37 , 78 ]. Moreover, perturbed gait [ 61 ], inclined walking [ 42 , 68 , 77 ], and gaits with different loads in the dominant hand [ 43 ] were investigated.…”

“…The most adopted technology for movement analysis even in obese subjects resulted to be the marker-based optoelectronic stereophotogrammetric systems [ 7 , 21 , 48 , 57 , 71 , 79 ], usually integrated with two or more force platforms [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 53 , 54 , 57 , 59 , 64 , 65 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 77 , 78 ].…”

“…Passive refracting markers were usually located according to standard protocols, such as “Davis”, “Plug-in Gait”, or “Hellen Hayes” [ 31 , 40 , 46 , 77 ], while different custom marker-sets were also proposed according to the different objectives. The relevant anatomical markers position for the gait assessment were iliac spines, greater trochanters, medial and lateral epicondyles, medial and lateral malleoli, lateral wands over the mid-femur and mid-tibia, medial and lateral knees, medial and lateral ankles, second metatarsal heads of the toes, and heels.…”

“…In 17 papers spatiotemporal gait parameters were evaluated [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 33 , 37 , 40 , 41 , 46 , 49 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 67 , 71 , 74 ], and Pau et al, [ 40 ] also studied the gait symmetry. Thirty-five papers evaluated kinematic parameters such as the hip, knee, and ankle joint angles, trunk and pelvic segments, and spinal range of motion [ 7 , 20 , 21 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 62 , 64 , 65 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 77 , 78 ]. Finally, 29 papers evaluated ...…”