NZ-RugbyHealth Study: Self-reported Injury Experience and Current Health of Former Rugby Union and Non-contact Sport Players

Abstract

Background There is limited research on associations between playing rugby union and player health post-retirement. Objective This study investigated differences in self-reported sport injury history and current self-reported health characteristics between former New Zealand rugby and non-contact sport players with a view to identifying issues to be further investigated with stronger epidemiological research designs. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, the NZ-RugbyHealth study surveyed 470 former rugby and non-contact sport players (43.8 ± 8.1 years; 127 elite rugby, 271 community rugby, 72 non-contact sport) recruited from October 2012 to April 2014. Demographic information, engagement in sport, sport injuries, medical conditions, mood, alcohol and substance use and ratings of current health status were obtained from a self-report 58-item general health e-questionnaire. We highlighted standardised differences in means of > 0.6 and differences in relative percentages of > 1.43 for variables between groups as representing at least moderate effect sizes, and of being worthy of follow-up studies. Results Higher percentages of the elite rugby player group had sustained injuries of a given body-site type (e.g. neck sprain/strain, thigh bruising, hamstring strain) combination than the non-contact sports players. Higher percentages of the rugby groups reported having sustained concussion (94% for elite, 82% for community, 26% for non-contact), injuries requiring hospitalisation (73%, 46%, 25%), injuries that stopped participation in sport permanently (28%, 28%, 11%) and sport-related surgery (72%, 46%, 32%) during their playing career. Both rugby groups had a higher prevalence of osteoarthritis (37%, 18%, 6%) than non-contact athletes and community rugby players had higher levels of hazardous alcohol consumption (38%, 40%, 25%) in retirement than non-contact athletes. There was little difference between rugby players and non-contact sports athletes in self-reported mood, substance use and current physical or psychological health ratings. Conclusions Former rugby player groups were at higher risk than the non-contact player group for most injuries during their playing careers, and in retirement had greater prevalence of osteoarthritis and hazardous alcohol consumption. The relative youth of the groups (43.8 years on average) means that health issues that typically do not emerge until later life may not have yet manifested.

Health conditions among retired elite rugby players: a scoping review

“…Subsequently, 37 articles were exluded due to having the incorrect outcome (6), incorrect population (10), incorrect study design (3), incorrect publication type (16) or the results were presented in another included study (2). Ultimately, 16 studies were included in the scoping review 2 3 9 13 21–32…”

“…In the other 12 studies, there was no 95% CI provided with the prevalence rates 3 9 13 21–26 30–33. In 10 studies, the response rate was not described 2 3 13 21 24 26 27 30–32. The full results of the critical appraisal are presented in online supplemental appendix S3C.…”

“…Ten studies describe the following mental health conditions in retired elite rugby players: depression, anxiety, stress, distress, sleep disturbance, alcohol misuse, nutrition behaviour, irritability, smoking behaviour and drug use 2 9 13 22 24–26 28 31 32. The essential information from the 10 studies is included in online supplemental appendix table S4: psychological health conditions in retired elite rugby players.…”

“…Rugby is a popular high-speed collision sport played mainly in two variations worldwide: rugby union and rugby league (both referred to as rugby hereafter). As a result of the physical demands of professional rugby and the psychological demands of training and performing at an elite level for extended periods, rugby players experience various physical and psychological challenges during their playing days 1–7…”

“…Rugby has one of the highest injury rates of all sports,1 and elite rugby players are more likely to sustain serious injuries that require hospitalisation and surgery than athletes from non-contact sports 2. The most-reported injury in professional rugby is concussion, followed by upper/lower back and knee ligament injuries 3.…”