NYX‐2925 induces metabotropic N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) signaling that enhances synaptic NMDAR and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor

Abstract

N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) mediate both physiological and pathophysiological processes, although selective ligands lack broad clinical utility. NMDARs are composed of multiple subunits, but N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor subunit 2 (GluN2) is predominately responsible for functional heterogeneity. Specifically, the GluN2A‐ and GluN2B‐containing subtypes are enriched in adult hippocampus and cortex and impact neuronal communication via dynamic trafficking into and out of the synapse. We sought to understand if ((2S, 3R)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐((R)‐5‐isobutyryl‐1‐oxo‐2,5‐diazaspiro[3,4]octan‐2‐yl) butanamide (NYX‐2925), a novel NMDAR modulator, alters synaptic levels of GluN2A‐ or GluN2B‐containing NMDARs. Low‐picomolar NYX‐2925 increased GluN2B colocalization with the excitatory post‐synaptic marker post‐synaptic density protein 95 (PSD‐95) in rat primary hippocampal neurons within 30 min. Twenty‐four hours following oral administration, 1 mg/kg NYX‐2925 increased GluN2B in PSD‐95‐associated complexes ex vivo, and low‐picomolar NYX‐2925 regulated numerous trafficking pathways in vitro. Because the NYX‐2925 concentration that increases synaptic GluN2B was markedly below that which enhances long‐term potentiation (mid‐nanomolar), we sought to elucidate the basis of this effect. Although NMDAR‐dependent, NYX‐2925‐mediated colocalization of GluN2B with PSD‐95 occurred independent of ion flux, as colocalization increased in the presence of either the NMDAR channel blocker (5R,10S)‐(–)‐5‐Methyl‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5,10‐imine hydrogen maleate or glycine site antagonist 7‐chlorokynurenic acid. Moreover, while mid‐nanomolar NYX‐2925 concentrations, which do not increase synaptic GluN2B, enhanced calcium transients, functional plasticity was only enhanced by picomolar NYX‐2925. Thus, NYX‐2925 concentrations that increase synaptic GluN2B facilitated the chemical long‐term potentiation induced insertion of synaptic α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor GluA1 subunit levels. Basal (unstimulated by chemical long‐term potentiation) levels of synaptic GluA1 were only increased by mid‐nanomolar NYX‐2925. These data suggest that NYX‐2925 facilitates homeostatic plasticity by initially increasing synaptic GluN2B via metabotropic‐like NMDAR signaling. Cover Image for this issue: doi: .

Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels

“…A series of spirocyclic-b-lactams similar to the tetrapeptide GLYX-13 (rapastinel) have been reported to act as NMDA receptor PAMs (Khan et al, 2018;Barth et al, 2020). These compounds are suggested to potentiate both metabotropic and ionotropic NMDA receptor signaling, and the metabotropic activity may underlie potential therapeutic by enhancing synaptic plasticity (Bowers et al, 2020).…”

Behind the scenes: Are latent memories supported by calcium independent plasticity?

“…However, GluN2A and GluN2B nonionotropic LTD were not directly compared. NMDARs containing GluN2A (Hu et al, 2016; Li et al, 2016; Vissel, Krupp, Heinemann, & Westbrook, 2001) or GluN2B (Bowers et al, 2020; Ferreira et al, 2017; Kessels, Nabavi, & Malinow, 2013; Tamburri, Dudilot, Licea, Bourgeois, & Boehm, 2013) produce nonionotropic signals, but variations in the magnitude, time‐course, or molecular components of evoked nonionotropic LTD have not been compared across GluN2 subunits. Third, direct studies of relationships between NMDAR nonionotropic signaling and cognitive abilities are required.…”

“…Thus, prior to P21, niLTD may act to sustain network immaturity by maintaining GluN2B at the synapse and recruiting signaling proteins that foster spine shrinkage, AMPAR endocytosis, and LTD (Aow et al, 2015; Bowers et al, 2020; Nabavi et al, 2013; Stein et al, 2020). Specifically, trafficking of GluN2A to the synapse is prevented by nonionotropic signaling, while GluN2B trafficking is permitted under these conditions (Barria & Malinow, 2002; Bowers et al, 2020). Further, signaling proteins implicated in ionotropic LTD (such as p38‐MAPK and PP1) are recruited under niLTD.…”

Development of memantine as a drug for Alzheimer’s disease: A review of preclinical and clinical studies

“…NMDA receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors that are highly permeable to calcium [6]. Chronic activation of NMDA receptors leads to calcium influx and subsequent free radical formation that promotes cell death [3].…”