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This report is the first of a series describing experiments with the overall aim of determining the requirements of the young pig for calcium and phosphorus.Because so little is known about the availability of the minerals present in different feeding-stuffs it seemed best to use synthetic diets with known sources of Ca and P in these investigations.The These artificial milks, though for the most part giving excellent results, are laborious to prepare and in practice entail more work than dry diets since the feed containers need frequent and thorough cleaning. Dry diets can be mixed and stored in quantity and are simple to handle.I attempted, therefore, to prepare synthetic diets that could be given as air-dry mixtures to pigs from 10 days of age until they attained 25 Ib live weight, and from 25 to 50 Ib live weight. Since nutritional requirements alter as pigs grow older (Lucas & Lodge, 1961), separate basal diets were prepared for each of these stages. Two basal diets, one containing lard and the other coconut oil, were prepared for pigs weighing 8-25 lb and in a first preliminary experiment each diet was modified by the addition of saccharin (Notzold, Becker, Terrill & Jensen, 1955 ; Aldinger, Homeyer, Speer, Hays & Catron, 1957) to test whether acceptability was low and could be improved by including a sweetening agent, and by the addition of cellulose to test whether an indigestible component was necessary. In a second preliminary experiment the lard diet was modified by the addition of DL-methionine, because casein on the basis of its amino acid composition did not appear to be the ideal protein for young pigs, and by varying the level of vitamin and trace-mineral supplements because requirements for these nutrients were by no means certain (Lucas & Lodge, 1961). In both preliminary experiments two basal diets, differing in their relative content of sugars and starch, were used for the pigs weighing 25-50 lb. Although these preliminary experiments involved only a small number of pigs they did not indicate that any of the modifications tested improved the basal diets, apart from the suggestion that a higher level of vitamins and trace minerals was beneficial. Because of the possible beneficial effect of increased vitamins and minerals a larger experiment involving forty-eight young pigs was carried out in which the vitamin and trace-mineral supplements in the lard I Nutr. 17, I * Present address :
This report is the first of a series describing experiments with the overall aim of determining the requirements of the young pig for calcium and phosphorus.Because so little is known about the availability of the minerals present in different feeding-stuffs it seemed best to use synthetic diets with known sources of Ca and P in these investigations.The These artificial milks, though for the most part giving excellent results, are laborious to prepare and in practice entail more work than dry diets since the feed containers need frequent and thorough cleaning. Dry diets can be mixed and stored in quantity and are simple to handle.I attempted, therefore, to prepare synthetic diets that could be given as air-dry mixtures to pigs from 10 days of age until they attained 25 Ib live weight, and from 25 to 50 Ib live weight. Since nutritional requirements alter as pigs grow older (Lucas & Lodge, 1961), separate basal diets were prepared for each of these stages. Two basal diets, one containing lard and the other coconut oil, were prepared for pigs weighing 8-25 lb and in a first preliminary experiment each diet was modified by the addition of saccharin (Notzold, Becker, Terrill & Jensen, 1955 ; Aldinger, Homeyer, Speer, Hays & Catron, 1957) to test whether acceptability was low and could be improved by including a sweetening agent, and by the addition of cellulose to test whether an indigestible component was necessary. In a second preliminary experiment the lard diet was modified by the addition of DL-methionine, because casein on the basis of its amino acid composition did not appear to be the ideal protein for young pigs, and by varying the level of vitamin and trace-mineral supplements because requirements for these nutrients were by no means certain (Lucas & Lodge, 1961). In both preliminary experiments two basal diets, differing in their relative content of sugars and starch, were used for the pigs weighing 25-50 lb. Although these preliminary experiments involved only a small number of pigs they did not indicate that any of the modifications tested improved the basal diets, apart from the suggestion that a higher level of vitamins and trace minerals was beneficial. Because of the possible beneficial effect of increased vitamins and minerals a larger experiment involving forty-eight young pigs was carried out in which the vitamin and trace-mineral supplements in the lard I Nutr. 17, I * Present address :
Antibiotics have constantly been added at an unprecedented rate in order to enhance poultry meat production. Such antibiotics impose a negative impact on human health directly through meat and egg consumption. On the other hand, they also affect humans indirectly by affecting the normal key microbial processes in the agricultural environments, when used as poultry compost. For many years, farmers have been turning poultry litter into compost for agricultural use. Very few studies have addressed the fate of the unmetabolized antibiotic residues in poultry litter that could potentially affect microbial communities when used as poultry compost. We have also questioned the fate of residual antibiotic in poultry waste which may create possible negative environmental pressure on microbial communities that are involved in microbial mediated poultry litter composting processes. The incorporation of antibiotic degrading environmental isolates in poultry litter at the initial stage of composting in order to accelerate the process is addressed in this review as a future perspective.
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