Nymphal development and lerp construction of Glycaspis sp. (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) on Eucalyptus sideroxylon (Myrtaceae) in central-west New South Wales, Australia

Sharma, Anamika; Raman, Anantanarayanan; Taylor, Gary S.; Fletcher, Murray J.

doi:10.1016/j.asd.2013.07.005

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Glycaspis brimblecombei was first detected in Italy in 2010 (Laudonia & Garonna 2010) and quickly spread through the central-southern areas including Sicily and Sardinia. Eggs are laid on the leaf surface, and the developing nymphs form conical white covering structures (lerps) from lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, and live under the protective structure where they feed by penetrating the vascular tissues and withdrawing sap (Sharma et al 2013). Adults and nymphs also produce large amounts of honeydew, promoting the growth of sooty mold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging pests and diseases threaten Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantations in Sardinia, Italy

Deidda¹,

Buffa²,

Linaldeddu³

et al. 2016

iForest

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The rapid growth and environmental adaptability of Eucalyptus species has favored their global cultivation for pulpwood production. On the island of Sardinia, Italy, eucalypt plantations were established in the 20 th century primarily in areas reclaimed from marshland, but the trees are now grown all over the island as ornamentals or windbreaks, and for timber, pulp and honey production. In recent years, an unusual decline and mortality of unknown etiology has been observed in Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) plantations throughout the island. Given the ecological and economic importance of eucalypt ecosystems in Sardinia, a survey was carried out in 2013 to determine which insect pests and fungal pathogens are directly involved in these phenomena. Field surveys throughout the island revealed severe infestations with the red gum lerp psyllid (Glycaspis brimblecombei) at all 12 surveyed sites, with the greatest numbers of pre-imaginal stages and adults occurring between May and July. The adult population reached its peak in July, followed 2 months later by the peak population of its specific parasitoid, Psyllaephagus bliteus. Symptoms of leaf chlorosis, crown thinning, shoot and branch dieback, sunken cankers, epicormic shoots and exudations of kino gum were also observed at the 12 field sites. Symptomatic woody samples yielded fungal isolates representing three distinct families: Botryosphaeriaceae, Diaporthaceae and Valsaceae. Morphological and DNA sequence data revealed seven distinct fungal species, namely Diaporthe foeniculina, Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum, N. mediterraneum, N. parvum, N. vitifusiforme and Valsa fabianae. Two putative new species of Cytospora were also identified. Neofusicoccum australe was the only species recovered from all 12 sites, with isolation frequencies of 51-95%. Pathogenicity trials revealed that all Neofusicoccum species except N. vitifusiforme are directly involved in the etiology of the observed decline in the E. camaldulensis population on Sardinia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging pests and diseases threaten Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantations in Sardinia, Italy

Deidda¹,

Buffa²,

Linaldeddu³

et al. 2016

iForest

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“…The stylet length appears to depend on the guild to which the psylloid belongs, although the relationship between the body size and stylet length 32 cannot be overlooked. For example, free-living Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Aphalaridae) bear c. 600 m long stylets, the lerpforming, unnamed species of Glycaspis c. 850 m, and the gall-inducing, unnamed species of Glycaspis (Synglycaspis) c. 950 m (refs [33][34][35] 34,35 ).…”

Section: Feeding Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…phenolics) and low-nitrogen availability 54 . This applies truly in the feeding biology of the Psylloidea: the gall-inducing Aphalaridae complete two generations in a year, feeding on high  13 C- 15 N ratio bearing host-leaf tissues 35 , followed by the lerpforming Aphalaridae, which complete 3-4 generations in a year feeding on relatively low  13 C- 15 N ratio bearing leaf tissues 33 , and the free-living Aphalaridae, which complete 5-6 overlapping generations in a year, living on host leaves with the least  13 C- 15 N ratios 34 . The maximum decrease in total non-structural carbohydrates and  13 C- 15 N ratio in E. globulus leaves infested by freeliving Aphalaridae indicates a drop in carbon levels sequel to infestation.…”

Section: Nutritional Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, populations of Cardiaspina densitexta (Aphalaridae) enhance the physiological quality of Eucalyptus fasciculosa (Myrtaceae) leaves by rapidly mobilizing soluble nitrogen to feeding sites 50 . The Aphalaridae feed on parenchyma during 1st-2nd instar stages and on phloem during 3rd-5th instar stages [33][34][35] . The biosynthesis of primary metabolites in infested host leaves varies, rather dramatically, depending on whether the psylloids live either freely or forming lerps or inducing galls.…”

Section: Nutritional Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feeding Biology and Nutritional Physiology of Psylloidea(Insecta:Hemiptera):Implications in Host-Plant Relations

Sharma

Raman

2017

Current Science

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About 3500 species represent the Psylloidea across the world. Many Psylloidea live on a wide range of agriculturally and horticulturally important plants and some of them also act as vectors of plant pathogens. Generally they show a arrow host-plant range and feed on plant sap. Endosymbiotic bacteria are shown to be associated with some of them, enabling them to live on a nutritionally imbalanced plant diet. During feeding, the Psylloidea induce changes in plant tissues. Salivary enzymes such as pectinases enable them to mobilize primary metabolites rapidly to feeding sites from uninfested parts. Specific proteins (64 and 58 kDa) occur in the saliva of free-living Psylloidea (e.g. Aphalaridae) as well as in host-plant phloem. These insects live either freely or by constructing lerps or by inducing galls. Variations in guilds and feeding behaviour determine the nutritional ecology and physiology of the Psylloidea. Varying nutrient levels in leaves regulate populations of the gregariously feeding Psylloidea. The lerp-constructing Psylloidea utilize more of sugar-based nutrients, while the groupfeeding Psylloidea induce more intense changes in amino-acid, fatty-acid, and mineral levels in host plants. High C and low N ratios in leaves influence psylloid growth rates negatively. For instance, the gall-inducing Psylloidea achieve only two generations a year. High levels of the sterol (440.3 molecular weight) and ergosterol and low levels of complex lipids in young leaves of E. macrorhyncha appear to regulate the specificity of the gall-inducing species of Glycaspis (Synglycaspis) (Aphalaridae). About 100 plants are indicated as hosts of Indian Psylloidea. Curiously no lerp-forming psylloid is known in India.

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“…Psyllid nymphs produce honeydew after initial feeding and use it with a wax secretion to build tapered protective white shelters (lerp) on the leaf surface (Sharma et al, 2013). G. brimblecombei has five nymph instars, with a complete lifecycle from 15 to 34 days, and several generations per year (Firmino-Winckler et al, 2009; Laudonia, Magiotta & Sasso, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) attack patterns on different Eucalyptus genotypes

Tuller

Oliveira

Silva

et al. 2017

PeerJ

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BackgroundThe red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), an eucalypt insect pest from Australia, was reported in Brazil in 2003. This study evaluated damage patterns of this pest on Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn (Myrtaceae) and its hybrids E. urophylla X E. camaldulensis (urocam) and E. urophylla X E. grandis (urograndis). In addition, parasitism rates of Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on G. brimblecombei collected on different eucalypt genotypes are reported.MethodsPlantation plots of three eucalypt genotypes were evaluated over one year. The eucalypt leaves were collected and examined for attack by G. brimblecombei. Nymph parasitism of G. brimblecombei by P. bliteus was recorded.ResultsDamage by G. brimblecombei was lower on the hybrid genotypes and on the adaxial surface of the eucalypt leaves. G. brimblecombei egg and nymph density were negatively correlated with monthly rainfall. Nymph parasitism of G. brimblecombei by P. bliteus was low (2.9%) independent of genotype and did not vary throughout the year.DiscussionOur data indicate the use of less susceptible eucalypt genotypes (e.g., hybrids) as an alternative to G. brimblecombei management. Because of the current low mortality rates for G. brimblecombei resulting from P. bliteus parasitism, biological control with this natural enemy is not recommended as a management strategy for G. brimblecombei.

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Nymphal development and lerp construction of Glycaspis sp. (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) on Eucalyptus sideroxylon (Myrtaceae) in central-west New South Wales, Australia

Cited by 21 publications

References 33 publications

Emerging pests and diseases threaten Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantations in Sardinia, Italy

Emerging pests and diseases threaten Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantations in Sardinia, Italy

Feeding Biology and Nutritional Physiology of Psylloidea(Insecta:Hemiptera):Implications in Host-Plant Relations

Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) attack patterns on different Eucalyptus genotypes

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