Nutsedge Control with Drip-applied 1,3-Dichloropropene plus Chloropicrin in a Sandy Soil

Abstract

<jats:p>An evaluation of the effect of bed width (24, 28, 32, and 36 inches) on the control of a mixed population of nutsedge [yellow nutsedge (<jats:italic>Cyperus esculentus</jats:italic>) and purple nutsedge (<jats:italic>C. rotundus</jats:italic>)] was conducted with an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of a 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) mixture (1,3-DCP) for application through drip irrigation systems. Beds were mulched with either 1.4-mil-thick virtually impermeable film (VIF) or 0.75-mil-thick high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 1,3-DCP was applied at 35 gal/acre by surface chemigation or via subsurface chemigation 6 inches deep within the bed. HDPE was more permeable to gaseous 1,3-D than VIF so that 1 day after treatment (DAT), 1,3-D gas concentration at the bed centers under VIF was significantly higher than under HDPE. Dissipation of 1,3-D gas with HDPE occurred within 7 DAT, but dissipation with VIF took ∼10 days. In bed centers, 1,3-D concentrations 1 DAT were in the range of 2.3 to 2.9 mg·L<jats:sup>–1</jats:sup> whereas in bed shoulders concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 0.55 mg·L<jats:sup>–1</jats:sup>. In 2002 and 2003, 1,3-D concentration in shoulders of narrower beds was significantly higher than in the wider beds, but dissipated more rapidly than in wider beds. Lower initial 1,3-D concentrations were observed with HDPE film in shoulders than with VIF and the rate of dissipation was lower with VIF. At 14 DAT, nutsedge plants were densely distributed along bed shoulders (19 to 27 plants/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>) with little or no emergence in the centers of beds (fewer than 5 plants/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>), but with no response to bed width. Nutsedge density increased with time, but the nature of the increase differed with bed width. The most effective nutsedge suppression was achieved with 36-inch beds, which had densities of 11–13 plants/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> on bed centers and 53 plants/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> on bed shoulders by 90 DAT. Nutsedge suppression was initially more effective with VIF than with HDPE film, so that no nutsedge emerged in the centers of beds mulched with VIF compared with 2–7 plants/ m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> with HDPE by 14 DAT. On bed shoulders there were 2–7 plants/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> with VIF and 32–57 plants/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> with HDPE. Increase in nutsedge density with time was greater with VIF so that by 90 DAT nutsedge densities on bed centers and shoulders were greater than with HDPE in 2002 and the same as with HDPE in 2003. Subsurface chemigation did not consistently improve suppression of nutsedge when compared with surface chemigation. Concentrations of 1,3-D in bed shoulders irrespective of bed width were nonlethal. Initial superior nutsedge suppression with VIF did not persist. Nutsedge control in a sandy soil with 1,3-DCP chemigation is unsatisfactory with one drip-tape per bed.</jats:p>

Perennial Crop Nurseries Treated with Methyl Bromide and Alternative Fumigants: Effects on Weed Seed Viability, Weed Densities, and Time Required for Hand Weeding

“…Some studies suggest that, on average, chloropicrin or 1,3-D alone does not control weeds as well as MeBr (Goodhue et al 2005). Alternative fumigants such as chloropicrin and 1,3-D:PIC have been reported to control the harder-to-suppress weeds such as nutsedges (Chase et al 2006;Gilreath et al 2005). Control of purple nutsedge was further improved when pebulate was applied in addition to 1,3-D:PIC and chloropicrin .…”

Fumigation efficacy and emission reduction using low-permeability film in orchard soil fumigation

“…budding, grafting and pruning) and harvest operations, thereby reducing farm efficiency and increasing management costs. While generally effective against nematodes, 1,3‐D has been shown to provide inconsistent control of weed species in annual cropping systems . With respect to our trial, sufficient weed control using Telone C35, at either the full or 2/3 rate, was achieved when plastic tarps, regardless of type, were applied following fumigation.…”

Weed Community Composition in Tree Fruit Nurseries Treated with Methyl Bromide and Alternative Fumigants

“…The alternate fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) provided good control of Cyperus sp. (Gilreath et al, 2005;Chase et al, 2006), Ipomoea sp., and several other annual weeds such as Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Unruh et al, 2002), but was weak against Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. and Mollugo verticillata L. (Unruh et al, 2002).…”