Nutritional Supplements for Older Adults: Review and Recommendations—Part II

Abstract

The use of nutritional supplements (NS) with the intention of improving health and delaying age-related chronic disease is a common practice among older adults; however, randomized controlled trials have yielded mixed results regarding the likelihood that these NS provide true health benefits. We reviewed the findings of these studies regarding the effects of NS of folic acid, vitamin B(12), vitamin B(6), and omega-3 fatty acids on health outcomes in older adults. Our conclusions include the following: Supplements of the B vitamins folate, B(12) and B(6) have been studied with regards to primary and secondary prevention of a number of major age-related chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, cognitive decline, and cancer. While there are some encouraging findings with regards to stroke, depression, and macular degeneration (although in only one study in the latter case), there is little evidence of benefit of B vitamin NS for delaying CVD or age-related cognitive changes. In the few cancer-related studies, the evidence of benefit is coupled with concerns about enhancing the growth of existing undiagnosed cancers. In contrast, clear health benefits have been shown with modest increases in consumption of fatty fish or fish oil supplements, including a reduction in the risk of sudden cardiac death. In addition, there is evidence that high dose fish oil supplements may lower serum triglyceride levels.

Folate and B12 serum levels in association with depression in the aged: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…B12 deficiency has been linked to neuropsychiatric symptomatology and suggestions have been made for oral B12 supplementation of the older age people suffering late-life depression (Coppen & Bolander-Gouaille, 2005;Hin et al, 2006), although evidence is so far inconclusive (Buhr & Bales, 2010).…”

Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults

“…Although omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has been shown to reduce CV events in some studies, a recent randomized trial in patients 60–80 years old with prior MI showed no significant effects on new major CV events (132). There is little evidence to suggest a benefit from B vitamin supplementation in preventing CV disease in seniors (133). …”

Depression and Anxiety in Late Life: Diagnostic Insights and Therapeutic Options

“…Compared with vitamin D, the benefits of added calcium for depression are less certain. Intake of 1200 mg calcium daily is recommended to combat osteoarthritis and associated disability 81, 82. Depression may be associated with low bone mass, which can benefit from the supplementation of calcium 83.…”