Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, and mental development of stunted children: the Jamaican Study

Grantham‐McGregor, SM; Powell, Catherine; Walker, Susan P.; Himes, John H.

doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90001-6

Cited by 554 publications

(473 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…were enrolled and matched to the control group for age, sex and neighborhood. 16 The main focus of the original study was the effects of the interventions on child development. The sample size (64 supplemented or not, 64 stimulated or not) was determined for the developmental outcomes and gave 80% power at a 5% significance level to detect a benefit to development from either intervention of 0.5 s.d.…”

Section: Initial Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between early childhood stunting and weight status in late adolescence

2006

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Background: Cross-sectional studies have shown associations between stunting and overweight; however, there are few prospective studies of stunted children. Objectives: To determine whether stunting before age 2 years is associated with overweight and central adiposity at 17-18 years and whether growth in height among stunted children predicts body mass index (BMI) in late adolescence. Design: Prospective cohort study. Participants: One-hundred and three participants stunted by age 2 years and 64 non-stunted participants (78% of participants enrolled in childhood). Participants were measured in early childhood and at ages 7, 11 and 17 years. Results: Stunted subjects remained shorter and had lower BMIs, smaller skinfolds and circumferences than non-stunted subjects. Overweight (BMI X25 m 2 ) was not significantly different among stunted and non-stunted male subjects (5.2 and 12.5%) but non-stunted female subjects were more likely to be overweight than those who experienced early childhood stunting (11.1 and 34.4%, P ¼ 0.013). Centralization of fat (waist to hip ratio (WHR), subscapular/triceps skinfold ratio (SSF/TSF)) did not differ between stunted and non-stunted groups (mean WHR 0.77 and mean SSF/TSF 1.18 in both groups). Stunted subjects with greater increases in height-for-age for the intervals 3-7 and 7-11 years had higher BMI at age 17 years (P ¼ 0.04 and P ¼ 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Participants stunted by age 2 years were less likely to be overweight than those who were never stunted. This suggests that cross-sectional studies of the association between stunting and overweight may be misleading. Among stunted children, greater linear growth during mid-to late childhood was associated with greater BMI at age 17 years.

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Section: Initial Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between early childhood stunting and weight status in late adolescence

2006

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“…The HOME questionnaire (Caldwell & Bradley, 1979) was developed in the United States and measures the responsiveness and stimulation of the home environment through a combination of systematic observations and maternal report. The HOME has been modified for use in Jamaica previously and was found to be associated with current and future development (Grantham-McGregor et al, 1991;Meeks-Gardner et al, 1999).…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These behaviours are similar to those described in mothers of undernourished children and it is possible that the less stimulating behaviour of mothers of undernourished children is caused in part by poor psychosocial functioning. Mothers of undernourished children have been found to provide less stimulation in the home than mothers of adequately nourished children, the quality of maternalchild interaction has also been found to be poorer (Graves, 1976;Chavez & Martinez, 1982;Sigman et al, 1989;Grantham-McGregor et al, 1991;Meeks-Gardner et al, 1999;Pollitt et al, 2000) and their child is less likely to form a secure attachment (Valenzuela, 1990). These maternal behaviours have been found to be related to poor development in undernourished children (Chavez & Martinez, 1982;Sigman et al, 1989;Meeks-Gardner et al, 1999;Pollitt et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mothers of undernourished Jamaican children have poorer psychosocial functioning and this is associated with stimulation provided in the home

et al. 2003

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Objectives: To compare mothers of undernourished children with mothers of adequately nourished children on maternal depression, parenting self-esteem, social support and exposure to stressors and to determine if these variables are independently related to undernutrition and stimulation provided in the home after controlling for socio-economic status. Design: A case control study. Setting: Children and their mothers were recruited from 18 government health centres in the Kingston, St Andrew and St Catherine parishes of Jamaica. Subjects: One hundred and thirty-nine mothers of undernourished children (WAZrÀ1.5z scores) aged 9 -30 months and 71 mothers of adequately nourished children (WAZ 4 À1z scores) matched for sex and age group were enrolled into the study. Results: Mothers of undernourished children came from poorer homes but had similar social support to mothers of adequately nourished children. They were more depressed, had lower levels of parenting self-esteem (both Po0.01), reported higher levels of economic stress (Po0.001) and provided a less stimulating home environment (Po0.05). However, after controlling for social background variables there was no independent relationship between either psychosocial function or home stimulation and nutritional status. Undernutrition was found to be mainly explained by economic factors. The mothers' self-esteem was independently associated with the level of stimulation provided to the child. Conclusions: When caring for undernourished children attention should be paid to the psychosocial status of the mother as well as the physical condition of the child.

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“…While genetics are likely a factor, environmental influences are also clearly playing a role. Impaired parental cognitive skills (possibly from their own history of malnutrition and lack of education) may lead to less food availability and less emphasis on intellectual stimulation in their children (Grantham-McGregor et al, 1991). Interestingly, intellectual stimulation has been shown to influence not only cognitive development but also physical growth (Super et al, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental IQ and cognitive development of malnourished Indonesian children

2005

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A cross-sectional study of children in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, was conducted to examine the relationship between malnutrition history, child IQ, school attendance, socioeconomic status, parental education and parental IQ. In unadjusted analyses, severely stunted children had significantly lower IQ scores than mild-moderately stunted children. This effect was significant when stunting, school attendance and parental education were included in multivariable models but was attenuated when parental IQ was included. Our research underscores the importance of accounting for parental IQ as a critical covariate when modeling the association between childhood stunting and IQ.

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Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, and mental development of stunted children: the Jamaican Study

Cited by 554 publications

References 14 publications

The association between early childhood stunting and weight status in late adolescence

The association between early childhood stunting and weight status in late adolescence

Mothers of undernourished Jamaican children have poorer psychosocial functioning and this is associated with stimulation provided in the home

Parental IQ and cognitive development of malnourished Indonesian children

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