Nutritional strategies for maintaining muscle mass and strength from middle age to later life: A narrative review

Cruz-Jentoft, Alfonso J.; Hughes, Bess Dawson; Scott, David; Sanders, Kerrie; Rizzoli, René

doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.11.007

Cited by 82 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…Finally, we did not control for other factors that could also affect fitness such as change of marital status and diet. Regarding the latter, recent studies have suggested that nutrition can enhance the impact of exercise on muscle mass and consequently on strength in older adults [41], and we would therefore suggest that future studies evaluating fitness decline in older adults take diet into account.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Effects of Age, Organized Physical Activity and Sedentarism on Fitness in Older Adults: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study

Gómez-Bruton

Navarrete-Villanueva

Pérez‐Gómez

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The aims of the present study were (1) to describe the changes in physical fitness during an 8 year follow-up in a large sample of Spanish adults aged 65 or over that are initially engaged in organized physical activity (OPA), (2) to compare fitness changes according to different age groups (65 to 69 vs. 70 to 74 vs. ≥75 years-old), (3) to evaluate the independent and combined effects of changes in OPA engagement and sitting time (ST) on physical fitness. A total of 642 (147 males) non-institutionalized over 65 years-old participants completed the EXERNET battery fitness tests and completed a validated questionnaire from which information regarding OPA and ST were collected. All participants completed evaluations in 2008–2009 and in 2016–2017. An impairment of fitness-related variables happens after 65 years of age in both males and females, with the older participants (≥75), showing the largest decreases. Males who continued performing OPA demonstrated lower decreases in balance, leg flexibility and agility when compared to those who stopped performing OPA during the follow-up. Females who continued performing OPA demonstrated lower decreases of all variables except for balance when compared to those who stopped performing OPA during the follow-up.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Effects of Age, Organized Physical Activity and Sedentarism on Fitness in Older Adults: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study

Gómez-Bruton

Navarrete-Villanueva

Pérez‐Gómez

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…As amino acid appearance in the blood from plant proteins is lower in comparison to animal proteins, BC30 might even have a greater impact on plant proteins. In addition, results from this investigation will hopefully lead to greater investigations into the potential for the addition of probiotics such as BC30 in other populations, particularly in aging populations whereby protein intakes are known to be reduced and their ability to assimilate protein is underpinned by advancing age [21][22][23]. In this respect, the addition of BC30 to various protein sources may allow for higher amounts of amino acids to be absorbed into the blood, which can subsequently reduce the protein dose required to be efficacious.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 improves amino acid absorption from milk protein

et al. 2020

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Background Probiotic Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (BC30) has been shown to increase protein digestion in an in vitro model of the stomach and small intestine. Once active in the small intestine after germination, BC30 aids the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins. The extent to which BC30 administration may impact protein digestion and amino acid appearance in humans after protein ingestion is currently unknown. This study examined the impact of adding BC30 to a 25-g dose of milk protein concentrate on post-prandial changes in blood amino acids concentrations. Methods 14 males and 16 females (n = 30, 26.4 ± 6.5 years; 172.3 ± 10.8 cm; 78.2 ± 14.8 kg; 22.6 ± 7.2% fat) completed two supplementation protocols that each spanned two weeks separated by a washout period that lasted three weeks. Participants were instructed to track their dietary intake and ingest a daily 25-g dose of milk protein concentrate with (MPCBC30) or without (MPC) the addition of BC30. Body composition and demographics were assessed upon arrival to the laboratory. Upon ingestion of their final assigned supplemental dose, blood samples were taken at 0 (baseline), 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min post-consumption and analyzed for amino acid concentrations. Results Arginine (p = 0.03) and Isoleucine (p = 0.05) revealed greater area-under-the curve (AUC) in MPCBC30 group compared to MPC. In addition, Arginine (p = 0.02), Serine (p = 0.01), Ornithine (p = 0.02), Methionine (p = 0.04), Glutamic Acid (p = 0.01), Phenylalanine (p = 0.05), Isoleucine (p = 0.04), Tyrosine (p = 0.02), Essential Amino Acids (p = 0.02), and Total Amino Acids (p < 0.01) all revealed significantly greater concentration maximum (CMax) in MPCBC30 compared to MPC. Finally, time to reach CMax (TMax) was significantly faster for Glutamine (p < 0.01), Citrulline (p < 0.01), Threonine (p = 0.04), Alanine (p = 0.02) in MPCBC30 when compared to MPC. Greater mean differences between groups for AUC and CMax in women when compared to the mean differences in men were found for several amino acids. Conclusion In concert with previous in vitro evidence of improved protein digestion and amino acid appearance, these results reveal that adding BC30 to protein sources such as milk protein concentrate can improve AUC, CMax, and faster TMax. Follow-up research should examine differences between gender and explore how aging can impact these outcomes. Retrospectively registered on June 11, 2020 at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT04427020.

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“…A recent study conducted in the US population, based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) survey, demonstrated that muscle mass is a significant predictor of longevity for all-cause mortality [6] taking into account men and women over 55 or 65 years of age and over, respectively. One of the main pathway by which the loss of muscle mass contributes to the appearance or the progression of other diseases is the alteration of protein turnover and metabolism in the skeletal muscle tissue [9,10]. In addition, other factors such as the reduced anabolic response to protein feeding during aging [11,12], contributes to the loss of muscle mass in individuals with sarcopenia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the nutritional strategies that has been shown to be potentially useful in increasing protein synthesis at the muscle level is supplementation with leucine, an essential branched chain amino acid that has important regulatory actions in the muscles that are mediated, at least partially, by the mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway [9,10]. Leucine modulates the rate of protein turnover in skeletal muscles by decreasing proteolysis and increasing protein synthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Leucine Administration in Sarcopenia: A Randomized and Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial

et al. 2020

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Treating sarcopenia in older individuals remains a challenge, and nutritional interventions present promising approaches in individuals that perform limited physical exercise. We assessed the efficacy of leucine administration to evaluate whether the regular intake of this essential amino acid can improve muscle mass, muscle strength and functional performance and respiratory muscle function in institutionalized older individuals. The study was a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind design in fifty participants aged 65 and over (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03831399). The participants were randomized to a parallel group intervention of 13 weeks’ duration with a daily intake of leucine (6 g/day) or placebo (lactose, 6 g/day). The primary outcome was to study the effect on sarcopenia and respiratory muscle function. The secondary outcomes were changes in the geriatric evaluation scales, such as cognitive function, functional impairment and nutritional assessments. We also evaluated whether leucine administration alters blood analytical parameters and inflammatory markers. Administration of leucine was well-tolerated and significantly improves some criteria of sarcopenia in elderly individuals such as functional performance measured by walking time (p = 0.011), and improved lean mass index. For respiratory muscle function, the leucine-treated group improved significantly (p = 0.026) in maximum static expiratory force compared to the placebo. No significant effects on functional impairment, cognitive function or nutritional assessment, inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-alpha were observed after leucine administration compared to the placebo. The use of l-leucine supplementation can have some beneficial effects on sarcopenia and could be considered for the treatment of sarcopenia in older individuals.

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Nutritional strategies for maintaining muscle mass and strength from middle age to later life: A narrative review

Cited by 82 publications

References 100 publications

The Effects of Age, Organized Physical Activity and Sedentarism on Fitness in Older Adults: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study

The Effects of Age, Organized Physical Activity and Sedentarism on Fitness in Older Adults: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study

Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 improves amino acid absorption from milk protein

Effects of Leucine Administration in Sarcopenia: A Randomized and Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial

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