Nutritional status comparison of rural with urban school children in Faisalabad District, Pakistan

Anwer, Ijaz; Awan, Javaid Aziz

doi:10.22605/rrh130

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…The studies were conducted between the years 2002 and 2020 in different cities across Pakistan. Twenty-eight studies reported data specifically on children between 5 and 15 years of age ( 19 , 21 – 23 , 25 – 29 , 31 , 32 , 35 , 38 , 44 , 45 , 47 – 50 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 59 , 60 , 62 – 64 , 67 ). The remaining 23 studies had children in our age group of interest but beyond it too, with seven reporting data on children between 0 and 19 years of age ( 24 , 34 , 51 , 56 , 58 , 61 , 65 ) and 16 reporting on children 5 and 19 years of age ( 18 , 20 , 30 , 33 , 36 , 37 , 39 – 43 , 46 , 53 , 57 , 66 , 68 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were only five studies that reported data specifically on children in the 5 to 10 age group ( 29 , 34 , 64 – 66 ) and only three studies in the 10 to 15 years age group ( 21 , 24 , 47 ). Province wise; 20 studies were conducted in Punjab ( 19 , 22 , 24 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 39 , 40 , 44 , 46 , 52 – 54 , 58 , 65 , 67 ), 15 in Sindh ( 18 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 30 , 32 , 36 – 38 , 43 , 45 , 49 , 55 , 63 ), eight in Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa (KP) ( 26 , 34 , 35 , 47 , 48 , 50 , 61 , 64 ), two in Balochistan ( 25 , 51 ), four from the federal capital ( 27 , 42 , 66 , 68 ), and three from multiple cities across Pakistan ( 41 , 56 , 57 ). The remaining three studies failed to report their location ( 33 , 59 , 62 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Forty studies were carried out in a school setting ( 15 , 16 , 19 – 22 , 24 – 40 , 42 , 44 – 52 , 55 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 63 – 65 ), nine in community setting ( 21 , 27 , 45 , 47 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 61 , 66 ), and two studies did not specify ( 22 , 64 ). Of the forty conducted in schools, 22 studies were conducted across both government and private schools ( 18 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 48 , 52 – 54 , 56 , 62 , 67 , 68 ), seven in private schools exclusively ( 19 , 25 , 30 , 36 , 39 , 41 , 65 ), and five were carried out in government schools ( 32 , 33 , 49 , 50 , 55 ). Six studies did not specify their study setting ( 34 , 42 , 46 , 51 , 59 , 63 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were two studies which reported nutritional status amongst children affected by natural disasters ( 47 , 50 ) and two on child laborers ( 45 , 68 ). For the age group of 5–15 years particularly, 17 studies reported anthropometric indices with respect to gender ( 19 , 21 – 23 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 32 , 35 , 38 , 44 , 48 , 49 , 54 , 60 , 62 , 63 ), 18 with respect to geographic setting; urban or rural ( 19 , 21 – 23 , 26 – 29 , 32 , 35 , 38 , 44 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 63 , 67 ), three with respect to socioeconomic status ( 29 , 35 , 52 ) and eight with respect to school attended; private or government ( 19 , 26 , 28 , 32 , 44 , 49 , 62 , 65 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of 35 studies were conducted in urban areas (18-46, 52, 63, 65-68), while five were conducted in rural areas (47)(48)(49)(50)(51), six in both (53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58), and the remaining five did not report their setting (59)(60)(61)(62)64). Forty studies were carried out in a school setting (15, 16, 19-22, 24-40, 42, 44-52, 55, 58, 59, 61, 63-65), nine in community setting (21,27,45,47,57,58,60,61,66), and two studies did not specify (22,64).…”

Section: Description Of Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional Status and Dietary Intake of School-Age Children and Early Adolescents: Systematic Review in a Developing Country and Lessons for the Global Perspective

et al. 2022

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BackgroundThe prevalence of double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is high in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Data on malnutrition trends is present for children <5 years of age, however the data for school-going children and adolescents aged 5–15 years is scarce.ObjectiveThis systematic review presents the pooled prevalence of nutritional status and dietary intake among school-going children and adolescents (5–15 years of age) in an LMIC of Pakistan and the perspective for broader global nutrition in this age group.MethodsAn electronic search of databases was run on Pubmed and Medline (via Ovid) along with gray literature and archives of local scientific journals till 2nd January 2021. Studies meeting the eligibility criteria were included and relevant data were extracted, and a pooled proportional analysis was performed.ResultsA total of 51 studies including 62,148 children of 5–15 years met the inclusion criteria, of which 30 studies reported on anthropometric indices alone, eight on dietary intake patterns while 13 reported both. All of the included studies had a cross-sectional study design. There were 20 studies from the province of Punjab, 15 from Sindh, eight from Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, two from Balochistan, and three from multiple cities across Pakistan. The pooled proportional analysis showed that the proportion of underweight children and adolescents was 25.1% (95% CI 17.3–33.7%); stunting 23% (95% CI 11.8–36.7%); wasting 24% (95% CI 15.2–34%); thinness 12.5% (95% CI 9.4–16.1%); overweight 11.4% (95% CI 7.2–16.3%); and obesity 6.9% (95% CI 3–12%). A relatively high intake of carbohydrates, soft drinks, and sweets/chocolates; and a low intake of protein-rich foods, fruits, and vegetables, compared to the recommended daily allowance (RDA), was reported.ConclusionThe limited data suggests the presence of DBM amongst children aged 5–15 years and also identified that dietary intake patterns are not meeting the recommended allowance. This review highlights the gaps and the need for larger, well-designed studies for this age group with the representation of different contexts and the need for similar studies in various LMICs, so that appropriate actions be deliberated and appropriate programs should be designed focusing on this vital population.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Description Of Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Nutritional Status and Dietary Intake of School-Age Children and Early Adolescents: Systematic Review in a Developing Country and Lessons for the Global Perspective

et al. 2022

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Food Fortification Programmes in Pakistan

Salim-ur-Rehman

Awan

Anjum

et al. 2013

Handbook of Food Fortification and Health

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A comparison of international and national references to measure the prevalence of stunting in Pakistani school-age girls

Qaisar

Karim

2022

Sci Rep

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Epidemiology of stunting in < 5 years old is well characterized; however, its prevalence in adolescence is inconsistent in different geographical locations. We estimated the prevalence of stunting in schoolgirls of Punjab, Pakistan, to standardize local references according to international and national references. In this population-wide cross-sectional study, 10,050 schoolgirls aged 8–16 years from 12 different districts of northern, central, and southern Punjab were analyzed. The prevalence of stunting was calculated by applying Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organisation (WHO) height-for-age references and the local reference for the study population. We used Cohen’s kappa statistics to analyze the agreement of our data with reference values, and chi-square test was used as the test of trend. Marked overestimation of the prevalence of stunting was observed (22.72% and 17.49% according to CDC and WHO, respectively) in comparison to local reference (4.94%). According to CDC and WHO references, there was an increasing trend of prevalence of stunting with higher age; however, data was comparable across all the age groups when local references were applied. We recommend that the prevalence of stunting in school-age girls should be determined by applying local height references rather than international ones to plan health strategies and treatments in the local population.

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Nutritional status comparison of rural with urban school children in Faisalabad District, Pakistan

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Nutritional Status and Dietary Intake of School-Age Children and Early Adolescents: Systematic Review in a Developing Country and Lessons for the Global Perspective

Nutritional Status and Dietary Intake of School-Age Children and Early Adolescents: Systematic Review in a Developing Country and Lessons for the Global Perspective

Food Fortification Programmes in Pakistan

A comparison of international and national references to measure the prevalence of stunting in Pakistani school-age girls

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