Nutritional requirements for detoxication of environmental chemicals

Abstract

The biological defence systems against oxygen radical toxicity and chemical toxicity, and their component enzymes, are described, and the nutritional requirements for biological defence against chemical and oxygen toxicity, including calories, protein, lipids and lipotropes, vitamins and minerals, are reviewed in the context of their contribution to the mechanisms of detoxication. Modulation of the cytochromes P-450, and hence toxicity, by dietary components are considered; the P450I family, induced by food pyrolysis mutagens, and the P450IIE family, induced by alcohol and fasting, contribute substantially to chemical toxicity and carcinogenicity. It is concluded that: (i) the detoxication system of terrestrial fauna has evolved over greater than 300 million years to protect animals from dietary plant toxins; (ii) protection against chemical and oxygen toxicity requires all categories of nutrients; and (iii) the rôle of food and nutrition in detoxication is essential to survival.

Carotenoids as regulators for inter-species difference in cytochrome P450 1A expression and activity in ungulates and rats

“…The other source of induction of CYP1A is through dietary substances such as flavonoids like β-naphthoflavone (Parke, 1991;Canivenc-Lavier et al, 1996a, 1996b. In addition, some carotenoids such as astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, β-carotene and bixin are considered as inducers for CYP1A (Jewell and O'Brien, 1999).…”

“…Cytochrome P450, especially the CYP1A subfamily content and activity, is genetically controlled but can also be modulated by many other factors including age (Hulla and Juchau, 1989), pregnancy, external stimuli, such as previous exposure to other chemicals (Okey, 1990), and the presence of disease (Ioannides et al, 1996). Major factors affecting xenobiotic metabolism and P450 expression and activities are nutrition and diet composition (Parke and Ioannides, 1981;Parke, 1991;Ioannides, 1999). Studies performed on rats and humans have shown that both the CYP1A activity and its expression are affected by the components of diet such as protein components, lipids and lipotropes ( Irizar and Ioannides, 1998), choline (Zhang et al, 1997), fibers (Kawata et al, 1992), and vitamins (Murray et al, 1991;Astorg et al, 1994).…”

Cytochrome P450 1A-Dependent Activities in Deer, Cattle and Horses

“…Age, pregnancy, external stimuli such as previous exposure to other chemicals [19] and the presence of disease affect CYP1A1-dependent activities [12]. Nutrition and diet composition have strong effects on the expressions of different P450s and xenobiotic metabolism [9,22,23]. Further approaches are needed to completely explain the interspecies difference in CYP1A-dependent activities.…”

Acute toxicity study of Retinoic acid in the freshwater eel, Monopterus cuchia

“…The role of nutrition in detoxification is essential to survival (Parke, 1991). Blazer, 1992 reported that diseases resistance in fish encompases a variety of mechanisms including maintenance of epithelial barriers and the mucus coat, non specific cellular factors such as phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils, non specific humoral factors such as lysozyme, complement and transferrin.…”