“…Integrins belong to the cell adhesion receptor family, which regulates the location and activities of proteases as well as cell adhesion and proliferation ( Hou, Wang, Li, Hao, & Hang, 2021 ). Bioactive peptides, such as osteogenic peptides and integrins, can bind with each other to promote various cell functions, including growth, differentiation, and adhesion ( Lara-Ochoa, Ortega-Lara, & Guerrero-Beltrán, 2021 ; Xu et al, 2022 , Xu et al, 2023 ). As shown in Fig.…”