Nutritional profile of soakedCajanus cajan(L.) Millsp. and its utilization as partial replacement for soybean meal in the diet ofClarias gariepinus(Burchell, 1822) fingerlings

Abstract

Summary This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of soaking as a cheap processing method in improving the nutritional utilization of Cajanus cajan for partial replacement of soybean meal in formulated diets of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). The nutrient profile of soaked C. cajan revealed a significant reduction (≤50%) in all anti‐nutritional factors. Proximate and amino acids were also affected by this processing method. Six practical diets (35 g/kg crude protein, 19.1 KJ/g diet) containing substitution levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% C. cajan for soybean protein (included at 578 g/kg) were then formulated and fed to triplicate groups (n = 50 in each group) of C. gariepinus fingerlings (1.41 ± 0.06 g) in a hapa pond system (1 × 1 × 1 m3) for 56 days (mean temperature 25.3 ± 0.6). The results revealed that fish survival was not significantly affected until a 40% substitution of soybean was reached. However, beyond 20% soybean substitution, growth was significantly reduced (≥7%; p ≤ .05). Fish fed the highest substitution of soaked C. cajan meal (50% soybean replacement) had the poorest performance. The cost of the compound diets was substantially reduced with the inclusion of soaked C. cajan. Production costs of 1 kg fish using the diet with an inclusion of up to 20% soaked C. cajan meal replacement were comparable to using the control diet. It was concluded that soaking C. cajan seed for 24 hr improved the nutritional profile of the ingredients to replace 20% of the soybean (included at 57.8%) protein in the diet of C. gariepinus with no negative effect on growth and nutrient utilization.

Effects of woody forages on biodiversity and bioactivity of aerobic culturable gut bacteria of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

“…Moreover, some plant-derived forages with high nutritional value and that are rich in amino acids have been widely developed and utilized. Recently, cotton meal [9], soybean meal and peanut meal [10,11] have been widely used in aquaculture feed and are very valuable.…”

Partial substitution of fishmeal with soybean protein-based diets for dourado Salminus brasiliensis

“…Soybean by-products, mainly defatted soybean meal, have been widely used as surrogate protein source to fishmeal, although the main ANFs, such as enzyme inhibitors and saponins, have been frequently associated to low digestibility of diets. ANFs can be inactivated by processing techniques (grinding, cooking, extracting, fermenting) yielding quality products (Solomon et al, 2017), such as ethanol-extracted soybean protein concentrate (SPC), an alternative protein source for carnivorous fish diets ( Collins et al, 2013;Bañuelos-Vargas, 2014;Bansemer et al, 2015). Except for polysaccharides, most carbohydrates are washed off from SPC during processing; however, peptidic compounds are preserved, increasing crude protein contents of feedstuff and favoring its use in dense diets.…”

Dietary Implications of Detoxified Jatropha curcas Kernel for Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings

“…This is similar to the observation reported by Johnson et al [ 30 ] for J. curcas seed soaked for up to seven days. The report of Kajihausa et al [ 24 ] and Solomon et al [ 25 ] also found that soaking was effective in improving the nutritional composition of sprouted sesame seed flour and pigeon pea Cajanus cajan , respectively. Fat and ash were, however, observed to be reduced in the soaked JCK and were thought to have been leached in the water which was subsequently drained off.…”

“…The utilization of NFRs in the latter category can be improved by various processing methods [ 21 ]. While some processing methods can increase the cost of feed production (due to the extra energy needed for thermal and mechanical processing), soaking is one of the few low-cost and simplistic methods that can be used for the processing of NFRs [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. However, compared to other methods, this appears to be the least researched for the detoxification of many NFRs, perhaps because they are thought to be ineffective against thermolabile antinutrients.…”