Nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage and accelerate recovery in athletes: current knowledge, practical application and future perspectives

Bongiovanni, Tindaro; Genovesi, Federico; Nemmer, Monika; Carling, Christopher; Alberti, Giampietro; Howatson, Glyn

doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04432-3

Cited by 61 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 323 publications

(295 reference statements)

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“…The decline in muscle force production following eccentric exercise is considered one of the most reliable indirect markers of EIMD (40,41). Although not unequivocal, a number of nutritional interventions including use of branched-chain amino acids, protein, creatine, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D, beetroot, pomegranate, and cherries have been reported to expedite impaired force production and/or performance after muscle damaging exercise [for reviews see (2,(5)(6)(7)]. In the present study, we hypothesized that ketone monoester supplementation and elevated β-OHB may accelerate the recovery of indices of muscle damage via mechanisms related to the reported capacity of β-OHB to stimulate protein synthesis (11,17) and suppress proteolysis (19), and/or to modulate inflammation (42) and oxidative stress (43)(44)(45).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These substances can be synthesized by immune cells and act to excite and sensitize local muscle nociceptors, resulting in sensations of pain and soreness in the muscle belly and connective tissues (3). A number of nutritional interventions have been reported to reduce muscle soreness following eccentric exercise [for reviews see (2,(5)(6)(7)]. In the present study, muscle soreness was increased in response to eccentric exercise based on both VAS and PPT measures, but there was no difference between KET and CON groups (Figures 5A,B).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A variety of nutritional interventions have been evaluated in an attempt to alleviate muscle soreness and impairments in muscle function during recovery from eccentric exercise [for reviews see (2,(5)(6)(7)]. From an EIMD perspective, nutritional interventions that increase muscle protein synthesis and/or reduce protein breakdown may support recovery from damage by increasing the rate of tissue repair/remodeling or reducing the extent of damage (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ketone Monoester Supplementation Does Not Expedite the Recovery of Indices of Muscle Damage After Eccentric Exercise

et al. 2020

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a ketone monoester supplement on indices of muscle damage during recovery after eccentric exercise.Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, independent group design, 20 moderately active healthy young adults consumed 360 mg per kg−1 bodyweight of a ketone monoester (KET) or energy-matched carbohydrate (CON) supplement twice daily following eccentric exercise (drop jumps). Maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) torque, counter-movement jump (CMJ) height, and muscle soreness were measured before (PRE), and immediately (POST), 24 h and 48 h post-exercise. Blood samples were collected for analysis of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), creatine kinase (CK), and select pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.Results: Peak blood β-OHB concentration after supplement intake was greater (P < 0.001) in KET (4.4 ± 0.8 mM) vs. CON (0.4 ± 0.3 mM). Exercise increased CK concentration at 24 h and 48 h vs. PRE (time: P < 0.001) with no difference between KET and CON. Exercise reduced MIVC (KET: −19.9 ± 14.6; CON: −22.6 ± 11.1%) and CMJ (KET: −11.0 ± 7.5; CON: −13.0 ± 8.7%) at POST relative PRE; however, there was no difference between KET and CON on the recovery of MIVC at 24 h (KET: −15.4 ± 20.4; CON: −18.7 ± 20.1%) or 48 h (KET: −7.2 ± 21.2; CON: −11.8 ± 20.2%), or CMJ at 24 h (KET: −9.2 ± 11.5; CON: −13.4 ± 10.8) or 48 h (KET: −12.5 ± 12.4; CON: −9.1 ± 11.7). Muscle soreness was increased during post-exercise recovery (time: P < 0.001) with no differences between KET and CON. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was greater (group: P = 0.007) in CON (236 ± 11 pg/mL) vs. KET (187 ± 11 pg/mL).Conclusion: In conclusion, twice daily ingestion of a ketone monoester supplement that acutely elevates blood β-OHB concentration does not enhance the recovery of muscle performance or reduce muscle soreness following eccentric exercise in moderately active, healthy young adults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ketone Monoester Supplementation Does Not Expedite the Recovery of Indices of Muscle Damage After Eccentric Exercise

et al. 2020

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“…Questing after cutting-edge after exercise recovery procedures is a never-ending story. Both recreational and professional athletes are continuously searching for evidence-based strategies that could enable safe, faster, and convenient recovery from exercise [ 1 ], allowing the individual to be properly prepared for the next training session(s). Recovering from heavy eccentric exercise appears to be particularly challenging, given the fact that the intensive lengthening contractions are the main cause of muscle damage, known as a delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Supersaturated Hydrogen-Rich Water Bathing on Biomarkers of Muscular Damage and Soreness Perception in Young Men Subjected to High-Intensity Eccentric Exercise

Todorović

Javorac

Štajer

et al. 2020

Journal of Sports Medicine

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High-intensity eccentric exercise can cause a delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), a short-term condition characterized by muscle damage and tenderness that might hold up recovery and jeopardize exercise routine. Previous studies indicated that hydrogen-rich water (HRW) might be a helpful topical intervention to boost recovery in musculoskeletal medicine, yet no data are available concerning the effectiveness and safety of whole-body bathing with supersaturated HRW after DOMS-inducing exercise. This study evaluates the effects of a single-session bathing with HRW on biochemical markers of muscular damage in healthy young men. The six volunteers who were exposed to DOMS-inducing eccentric exercise were assigned to either supersaturated HRW or control whole-body bathing in a double-blind crossover design. Immediately after an exercise session, the participants were immersed up to the neck into a 200 L bathtub with supersaturated HRW (8 mg of H2 per L) or control water (no hydrogen) for 30 min. Blood biomarkers of inflammation and muscular damage and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores for muscle soreness were assessed at baseline (before exercise) and at 24-hour follow-up. Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference between two groups in serum creatine kinase (CK) response over the period of intervention ( P = 0.04 ). A single-session bathing in HRW prevented a rise in circulating biomarkers of muscular damage induced by exercise at 24-hour follow-up, retaining the levels of all biomarkers similar to the baseline values ( P > 0.05 ). On the other hand, serum CK, aldolase, and aspartate transaminase were significantly elevated at 24-hour follow-up as compared to the baseline levels after the control bath (342 ± 309 U/L vs. 465 ± 295 U/L; P > 0.05 ). HRW bath also induced a significant drop in VAS scores for muscle soreness in comparison with control water, both immediately after an intervention (32.7 ± 8.6% vs. 20.0 ± 12.8%; P = 0.02 ) and at 24-hour follow-up (31.6 ± 24.3% vs. 22.4 ± 27.5%; P = 0.03 ), respectively. No participants reported any major side effects during the trial. This pilot study suggests that the whole-body bathing in supersaturated HRW is a safe procedure that attenuates muscular damage and can ease sore muscles after high-intensity eccentric exercise.

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“…The lower metabolic cost in eccentric exercises (e.g., descending stair walking, eccentric cycling) is advantageous for individuals who have limited exercise capacity 6,7 . However, typical symptoms of muscle damage such as delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and prolonged decreases in muscle function 8‐10 are often induced after performing unaccustomed eccentric exercise. These symptoms could negatively affect daily activities and exercise adherence 8,11,12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of preconditioning exercise on biceps brachii myotendinous junction displacement during elbow flexor eccentric exercise

Nosaka

Tseng

et al. 2021

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The present study tested the hypothesis that 30 low‐intensity (10%) eccentric contractions (10%EC) or two maximal voluntary isometric contractions at a long muscle length (2MVIC) that were performed at two days before maximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors consisting of five sets of six maximal eccentric contractions (MaxEC) would reduce increases in biceps brachii distal myotendinous junction displacement (MTJd) over the eccentric contractions during MaxEC. Sedentary young men were randomly placed (n = 12/group) to a control group that performed two bouts of MaxEC (CONT‐1st, CONT‐2nd) separated by two weeks, or one of two preconditioning groups that performed 10%EC or 2MVIC at 20° elbow flexion at two days prior to MaxEC. All exercises were performed by the non‐dominant arm. MTJd of each contraction was assessed by B‐mode ultrasound, and its changes over sets were compared among the groups. The average MTJd from the start to the end of six eccentric contractions in the first set was similar among the groups (6.4 ± 0.7 mm). The MTJd increased from the first to fifth set, but the increase was smaller (P < .05) for the 10%EC (13 ± 6%) and 2MVIC (16 ± 9%) groups, and CONT‐2nd (3 ± 6%) when compared with CONT‐1st (60 ± 12%). Both 10%EC and 2MVIC groups showed smaller (P < .05) changes in all muscle damage markers after MaxEC similarly when compared with CONT‐1st, but the changes were greater than those after CONT‐2nd. These results supported the hypothesis that protective effect was associated with less MTJd changes, suggesting that this is associated with the mechanisms underpinning the preconditioning effect on muscle damage.

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Nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage and accelerate recovery in athletes: current knowledge, practical application and future perspectives

Abstract: Glyn (2020) Nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage and accelerate recovery in athletes: current knowledge, practical application and future perspectives.

Cited by 61 publications

References 323 publications

Ketone Monoester Supplementation Does Not Expedite the Recovery of Indices of Muscle Damage After Eccentric Exercise

Ketone Monoester Supplementation Does Not Expedite the Recovery of Indices of Muscle Damage After Eccentric Exercise

The Effects of Supersaturated Hydrogen-Rich Water Bathing on Biomarkers of Muscular Damage and Soreness Perception in Young Men Subjected to High-Intensity Eccentric Exercise

Effect of preconditioning exercise on biceps brachii myotendinous junction displacement during elbow flexor eccentric exercise

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