Nutritional habits among high-performance endurance athletes

Baranauskas, Marius; Stukas, Rimantas; Tūbelis, Linas; Z̆agminas, Kȩstutis; Šurkienė, Genė; Švedas, Edmundas; Giedraitis, Vincentas Rolandas; Dobrovolskij, Valerij; Abaravičius, Jonas Algis

doi:10.1016/j.medici.2015.11.004

Cited by 65 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Higher protein intakes than what were recommended were reported, similar to other studies [13,15]. In the preparatory phase, 34% of males and 13% of females reported a high consumption.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Diets with severe carbohydrate restriction were popular among athletes, particularly amongst females [9], as they were usually more concerned about body size and shape than males [29]. An optimum supply of carbohydrates was one of the most important dietary requirements for athletes [15] and a restriction of that macro-nutrient has been shown to be detrimental [5], affecting performance because of the depletion of glycogen stores and/or hypoglycemia [9]. Females were usually more concerned about their body size and shape than males [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An insufficient protein intake seemed to be mainly reported by females (17% at both phases), while for males this was uncommon. Other studies reported that athletes tended to have a protein intake that was higher than the recommendations [13,15,31]. It was common for an athlete to increase their protein to maintain skeletal muscle mass and if weight loss was needed, this macro-nutrient may have increased their satiety [32], having a special interest for athletes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have shown that carbohydrate intakes can be below the recommended amount [13,14,15] and, sometimes, protein intakes can be higher [13,15]. Athletes, particularly females, also reported an inadequate intake of vitamin E, calcium, folate, and magnesium [15,16]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Dutch athletes reported a lower intake of micronutrients, such as iron; vitamin D; vitamin B1 and B2; vitamin A, B3, and C; and selenium [10]. Recently, Marius et al [15] reported inadequate carbohydrate intakes in 80% of Lithuanian athletes. Similar findings have been reported by others [14,16,17,18,19,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes

et al. 2018

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Background and objective: For a high level athlete, it is essential to ensure optimal energy as well as macro- and micro-nutrient and fluid intakes, in order to improve their performance during training and competition. Protein intake should be 1.2–2.1 g/kg/d, whereas the requirements for carbohydrate and fat intakes should be >5g/kg/d and 20–35% of energy, respectively. The micronutrient and fluid intakes in athletes were compared to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations, respectively. This study aimed to characterize and compare the nutritional habits of athletes at the preparatory and competitive phase, and to test if their nutritional intakes were in accordance with the recommendations. Materials and methods: A total of 276 professional athletes were assessed. To evaluate their nutritional intake, the athletes completed a 7 days food record. Under reporting was defined using a ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 1.1. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Almost half (49%) of the athletes from the final sample reported lower measured intakes of carbohydrates and 27% reported a higher consumption of proteins than what was recommended. In both the preparatory and competitive phases, the micronutrients with a higher mismatch between the actual and recommended intakes were vitamins D and E, magnesium, folate, calcium, and zinc for both sexes, and iron intake for females. A large proportion of athletes reported a lower water intake. Compared to the recommendations, males reported a higher intake of carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins E, calcium, and magnesium (p <0.05) in the competitive phase, while females reported a lower ingestion of water, vitamins A and D, and calcium (p <0.05) in the preparatory phase. Conclusions: Overall, in the preparatory and competitive phases of the season, athletes reported a macro- and micro-nutrient intake below the recommendations, especially in the female athletic population. Dietary intakes in athletes need to be optimized and adjusted to their requirements, according to sex and sport, so as to avoid compromising health and performance.

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“…Higher protein intakes than what were recommended were reported, similar to other studies [13,15]. In the preparatory phase, 34% of males and 13% of females reported a high consumption.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes

et al. 2018

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Males and females exhibit similar muscle glycogen recovery with varied recovery food sources

et al. 2020

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Purpose Research has elucidated the impact of post-exercise carbohydrate nutrition and environmental conditions on muscle glycogen re-synthesis. However, research has minimally considered the implications of glycogen recovery in females and has mostly focused on commercial sport nutrition products. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of varied mixed macronutrient feedings on glycogen recovery and subsequent exercise performance in both sexes. Methods Males (n = 8) and females (n = 8) participated in a crossover study. Subjects completed a 90-min cycling glycogen depletion trial, then rested for 4 h. Two carbohydrate feedings (1.6 g kg −1) of either sport supplements or potato-based products were delivered at 0 and 2 h post-exercise. Muscle biopsies (glycogen) and blood samples (glucose, insulin) were collected during the recovery. Afterwards, subjects completed a 20 km cycling time trial. Results There was no difference between sexes or trials for glycogen recovery rates (male: 7.9 ± 2.7, female: 8.2 ± 2.7, potato-based: 8.0 ± 2.5, sport supplement: 8.1 ± 3.1 mM kg wet wt −1 h −1 , p > 0.05). Time trial performance was not different between diets (38.3 ± 4.4 and 37.8 ± 3.9 min for potato and sport supplement, respectively, p > 0.05). Conclusions These results indicate that food items, such as potato-based products, can be as effective as commercially marketed sports supplements when developing glycogen recovery oriented menus and that absolute carbohydrate dose feedings (g kg −1) can be effectively applied to both males and females.

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Nutritional Considerations for Female Rock Climbers

Leslie-Wujastyk,

Gibson-Smith

2024

J. of SCI. IN SPORT AND EXERCISE

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Despite growing participation, there is limited research into the nutritional needs of climbers and none specific to female climbers. Female athletes in general are still significantly under-represented in sport and nutritional science research. The physiological requirements of climbing are extensive and variable, demanding both highly developed anaerobic and aerobic energy systems. Finger strength, upper body power and training hours have been highlighted as the key determinants of climbing performance in females. Nutritional implications of this include adequate energy and carbohydrate availability, appropriate protein intake and timing for recovery, and use of specific supplements. As a weight sensitive sport, energy intake and availability are key areas of consideration for female climbers’ health and performance. Consideration of macronutrient intake and timing with an understanding of sex hormone interaction across the menstrual cycle confers some considerations to nutritional guidelines. Micronutrients of particular interest to the female climber include iron, vitamin D and calcium. Appropriate supplement use may be beneficial, however more research is needed to provide any female specific dosing strategies. It may be premature to prescribe generalised female specific nutrition recommendations for climbers. A personalised approach that considers the individual’s menstrual cycle and experience is recommended. Further research into nutrition for the female climber is warranted.

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Nutritional habits among high-performance endurance athletes

Cited by 65 publications

References 16 publications

Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes

Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes

Males and females exhibit similar muscle glycogen recovery with varied recovery food sources

Nutritional Considerations for Female Rock Climbers

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