Nutritional evaluation of aquaculture mussels (M. galloprovincialis) from the Black Sea, Bulgaria

Abstract

In recent years black mussels are one of the most commercially important species from the Bulgarian Black Sea. The marine mollusks are valuable healthy food, low in calories and fats and high in proteins. They are a major dietary source of fat soluble pigments - astaxanthin, carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). To our knowledge the information about the nutritional quality of mussels from the Bulgarian Black Sea waters, based on chemical composition, fat soluble pigments, cholesterol and PUFA content is very limited. The aim of the present study is to determine and compare protein, lipid, carbohydrate and energy values, fat soluble pigments, cholesterol and fatty acid composition in farmed mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Bulgarian northern and southern parts of the Black Sea coast. The mussel samples were analyzed for lipids (Bligh & Dyer method), crude proteins (Kjeldahl method), carbohydrates and moistures according to the AOAC (1990) methods. Fatty acids were analyzed by the GC-MS system. Fat soluble pigments and cholesterol were analyzed simultaneously by the RP-HPLC system. Lipid and protein content were found to be higher in mussels from the northern region. In accordance with the Commission Regulation (EC) No. 116/2010 all analyzed mussel samples can be classified as high in protein and low in fats and carbohydrates. The amount of cholesterol, contained in all mussel populations is significantly low, while the omega-3 (n-3) is significantly higher than the omega-6 PUFA. A portion of 100 g edible tissue provides 0.500 g more of the required amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) n-3 PUFA according to EFSA (2012). It can be concluded that the studied mussel aquaculture in the Black Sea is beneficial food for the human health and it is advisable to be part of a proper or a preventive diet of Bulgarian consumers.

Assessment of Proximate and Bioactive Lipid Composition of Black Sea Mussels (M. galloprovincialis) from Bulgaria

“…The present results are in accordance with some previous investigations [23,26,28] of farmed Mediterranean and Black Sea mussels. Some authors [25] report significantly lower PUFA and n3 PUFA values for mussels from Mar Grande of Taranto (7.55-11.16%) in comparison to our findings.…”

“…Thus, in accordance with [48], the analyzed farmed Black Sea mussels can be classified as high in omega-3 fatty acids regardless of the season. In our previous study [28], the reported results for EPA + DHA contents of Black Sea mussels are lower (0.45 g/100 g). Comparable information in literature for seasonal changes in long-chain n3 PUFAs contents in Black Sea mussel edible tissues was not found.…”

“…Our results are in agreement with the above mentioned authors. A deflection of this pattern (SFA > PUFA >MUFA) was presented by Badiu et al [27] for wild mussel samples from the Baia Mamaia Zone-Park, Constanza (the Black Sea), and Cape Galata (the Bulgarian Black Sea) [28]. It is known that temperature and food availability are two of the most important factors regulating the growth of the marine bivalve mollusks.…”

“…The cholesterol amounts increased slowly in the sequence: spring > summer > autumn. Earlier investigations report lower cholesterol levels for M. galloprovincialis-from 20 mg/100 g [40] from the Southern part of the Black Sea (Sinop) to 53 mg/100 g ww [28,36] from the Bulgarian part of the Black Sea. Li et al [41] reported similar seasonal changes of cholesterol content for cultured Perna viridis from Guangdong, China.…”

Comparision of Green and Conventional Extraction Methods on Lipid Yield and Fatty Acid Profiles of Fish Species

“…[33,34,37,[39][40][41] Those fatty acids occurring in the highest amounts were myristic acid (C14:0, 2.32 AE 0.12 mg 100 g À1 for Soxhlet to 184.62 AE 3.47 mg 100 g À1 for Bligh and Dyer), palmitic acid (C16:0, 17.78 AE 0.16 mg 100 g À1 for Soxhlet to 1164.70 AE 9.64 mg 100 g À1 for Bligh and Dyer), palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 3.37 AE 0.05 mg 100 g À1 for Soxhlet to 378.78 AE 3.47 mg 100 g À1 for Bligh and Dyer), stearic acid (C18:0, 6.95 AE 0.24 mg 100 g À1 for Soxhlet to 334.06 AE 1.93 mg 100 g À1 for Bligh and Dyer), oleic acid (C18:1n-9, 7.54 AE 0.61 mg 100 g À1 for Soxhlet to 1638.9 AE 4.45 mg 100 g À1 for Bligh and Dyer), cis-vaccenic acid (18:1n-7, 2.11 AE 0.04 mg 100 g À1 for Soxhlet to 269.43 AE 0.77 mg 100 g À1 for Bligh and Dyer), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, 0.88 AE 0.10 mg 100 g À1 for Soxhlet to 58.63 AE 2.70 mg 100 g À1 for Bligh and Dyer), erucic acid (C22:1n9, 1.29 AE 0.09 mg 100 g À1 for Soxhlet to 125.11 AE 4.24 mg 100 g À1 for UAE), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20: 5n3, 2.05 AE 0.29 mg 100 g À1 for Soxhlet to 278.15 AE 3.09 mg 100 g À1 for Bligh and Dyer), decosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22: 6n3, 10.82 AE 0.38 mg 100 g À1 for Soxhlet to 454.06 AE 11.48 mg 100 g À1 for UAE). These results are in agreement with previous studies on fatty acid profiles of European eel extracted from Bligh and Dyer, [31,42] from Folch method, [43] brushtooth lizardfish from Bigh and Dyer, [38] red mullet from Bligh and Dyer, [32,34,38,39,44] striped redmullet (or surmullet) from Bligh and Dyer, [33] striped redmullet from Folch method, [37] common pandora extracted from Bligh and Dyer method, [45] from Folch method, [46] from Soxhlet method, [39] brushtooth lizardfish from Bligh and Dyer, [17,41] and goldband goatfish from Bligh and Dyer, [33] extracted according to Lovell [36] method. [35] Like lipid content, the fatty acid composition of fish species is not constant and it varies depending on many ecological and morphological factors such as species, season, location, diet, lifestage, and age of the fish, which have major www.advancedsciencenews.com www.ejlst.com impacts on the nutrient levels of fish and even vary broadly within species and between species [47] Previous report...…”