Nutritional Enhancement of Farmed Salmon Meat via Non-GMO Nannochloropsis Gaditana: Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) and Vitamin D3 for Human Health

Abstract

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFAs) and vitamin D3 are essential components of human nutrition. A regular human diet is highly deficient in n-3 LC PUFAs. Fish like salmon are highly recommended in the human diet as they are a major source of high-value n-3 LC PUFAs and vitamin D3. The levels of these nutrients have been decreasing over the last few years in farmed salmon, whose production urgently needs sustainable sources of these nutrients. The microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana (NG) is known for its naturally high potential for the production of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3) fatty acid. A commercial diet for Atlantic salmon was supplemented with 1% and 10% of spray-dried NG grown under controlled conditions for a high EPA content. Salmon were harvested on day 49, following which, boneless and skinless salmon meat was recovered from fish and analyzed for the fatty acid profile, total fat, and vitamin D3. Vitamin D3, EPA, and docosapentaenoic fatty acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) by supplementing the basal diet with 10% NG, thus, NG represents a novel, functional, natural ingredient and a sustainable source of n-3 LC-PUFAs that can raise the levels of healthy fats and vitamin D3 in farmed salmon meat.

Potential application and beneficial effects of a marine microalgal biomass produced in a high-rate algal pond (HRAP) in diets of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax

“…Nannochloropsis sp. is a unicellular microalga with a polysaccharide cell wall (Hibberd 1981) and a promising ingredient in aquafeeds both as a successful fish oil substitute (Eryalçın and Yıldız 2015;Gbadamosi and Lupatsch 2018;Lozano-Muñoz et al 2020) and the form of the defatted meal as an alternative to fish meal (Sørensen et al 2017). Moreover, N. oceanica became better digested by European sea bass than other microalgae marine species (Batista et al 2020b).…”

Cardio-Protective Properties and Health Benefits of Fish Lipid Bioactives; The Effects of Thermal Processing

“…For instance, fish liver, fish liver oil, oily fish and seagull eggs have been major sources of vitamin D for the coastal population of Norway [ 147 ], with salmon being widely proposed as a good example of a fish source rich in both n-3 PUFA and vitamin D [ 148 , 149 ], while variations in vitamin D content and differences between wild and farmed salmon [ 149 ] also suggest further research to ensure a sustainable production of salmon with adequate vitamin D. Analysis of vitamin D content in various fish species indicated that the disproportion between requirement and supply seems too vast to enable eradication of vitamin D deficiency by fish food-based solutions. Still, increasing fish consumption or changing consumption patterns could be beneficial and result in noticeable improvements in vitamin D status [ 126 ].…”

LatitudeTM Oil as a Sustainable Alternative to Dietary Fish Oil in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on Filet Fatty Acid Profiles, Intestinal Histology, and Plasma Biochemistry

“…DPA is an indispensable n-3 LC-PUFA found in large amounts in FO, and even larger amounts in salmon filets (0.4 g 100 g −1 filet) (Calder, 2018;Lozano-Muñoz et al, 2020). DPA has attracted recent attention due to its importance in human health.…”