Nutritional Energetics in Fish: Energy and Protein Utilization in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Cy, Cho; Kaushik, SJ

doi:10.1159/000417529

Cited by 501 publications

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“…Growth Fat Reproduction ability to break down carbohydrates, increasing the carbohydrate content of a diet will decrease that proportion of energy retained from the diet resulting in an increase of energy lost in the feces (Cho and Kaushik, 1990). The energy that is bioavailable to the animal is designated digestible energy.…”

Section: Recovered Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fish, protein digestion additionally produces ammonia and urea in comparatively small amounts, as waste byproducts that are excreted via the kidney and gills. These excretions are regarded as losses of digestible energy because both ammonia and urea contain nitrogen, which if it had been assimilated, otherwise could have been incorporated into amino acids (Cho and Kaushik, 1990).…”

Section: Recovered Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maintenance energy, however, is that energy required to maintain the body functions immediately essential to life while fasting and includes basal (or standard) metabolic rate, active metabolism including voluntary and resting activity, and thermal regulation in some species. Basal metabolic rate takes top priority, as this is the energy required to maintain the minimum rate of metabolic activity necessary to sustain structure and function of tissues through activities such as respiration, ion and metabolite transport, body constituent turnover, and circulation, while at complete rest and not digesting any food (Cho and Kaushik, 1990). Although some level detoxification enzyme activity may be maintained during basal metabolism, the amount of oxygen consumption contributed to this process is uncertain.…”

Section: Recovered Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By increasing the dietary level of nonprotein energy-yielding sources (e.g. lipids), energetic needs may be fulfilled by these alternate sources thereby freeing protein for growth (Cho and Kaushik, 1990;Engin and Carter, 2001). This phenomenon has been termed protein sparing and has been demonstrated in many fish species (Reintz et al, 1978;Cho and Kaushik, 1990;Cho, 1992;Lee et al, 2002;Yang et al, 2003).…”

Section: Dietary Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…lipids), energetic needs may be fulfilled by these alternate sources thereby freeing protein for growth (Cho and Kaushik, 1990;Engin and Carter, 2001). This phenomenon has been termed protein sparing and has been demonstrated in many fish species (Reintz et al, 1978;Cho and Kaushik, 1990;Cho, 1992;Lee et al, 2002;Yang et al, 2003). Although, variations in optimal DP:DE ratios have been found in several studies (NRC, 1993), they are suggested to be due to differences in species and strain and fish age (Einen and Roem, 1997), as well as rearing condition differences (Catacutan and Coloso, 1995).…”

Section: Dietary Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of diet composition and ration on biotransformation enzymes and stress parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Morrow

Higgs

Kennedy

2004

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology &

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Degree:Master of ~nvironmentai ToxicologyTitle of Project:The effects of diet composition and ration on biotransformation enzymes and stress parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCEI hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of ThesislProjecff Extended EssayThe effects of diet composition and ration on biotransforrnation enzymres and stress parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.Michelle Dayna Morrow (name) ABSTRACTNutritional quality and quantity play significant roles in the amount of energy an animal assimilates and in the distribution of that energy. Furthermore, energy is allocated in a hierarchical fashion beginning with basal metabolism and then successively to other physiological processes depending on other energetic requirements of the animal. To date, little information exists on the effects of diet and ration on the stress response and detoxification system in fish. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure the effects of dietary composition and ration on the biotransformation and stress response systems in juvenile rainbow trout.Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed one of three isoenergetic diets varying in protein (35 to 55%) and lipid content (8 to 18%), at full satiation or partial ration for 6 weeks in order to investigate the effects of diet on baseline stress parameters and biotransformation enzyme activity. Growth was highest in fish fed low protein, high lipid diets at both ration levels and was highest overall in fish fed to satiation. Stress indicators, including plasma lactate, glucose and cortisol concentrations were not significantly affected by dietary treatment or ration. Basal biotransformation enzyme activity, including glutathione S-transferase (GST) and ethoxyresorufin 0-deethylase (EROD) activity, were also unaffected by dietary treatment. Fish exposed to the biotransformation enzyme inducer 13-napthoflavone did not exhibit an alteration in stress indicators or GST activity; however, EROD activity was increased (87 to 210-fold) in fish receiving all diets and rations demonstrating the importance of this system even under limited energy intake.The results of the present study indicate that, unlike mammals, fish may be more recalcitrant to different levels of ingestion (above maintenance ration) of isoenergetic ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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Section: Recovered Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recovered Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recovered Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dietary Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dietary Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The effects of diet composition and ration on biotransformation enzymes and stress parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Morrow

Higgs

Kennedy

2004

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology &

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Fats and Oils in Aquafeed Formulations

Colombo

Foroutani

Parrish

2020

Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products

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Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector and is expected to provide over 60% of the world's seafood by 2030. Lipids represent the major energy contribution in aquaculture nutrition, and as such, reach high inclusion levels in energy–dense aquafeeds. Lipids are a prominently studied nutrient in aquaculture, since they supply energy and essential fatty acids and because of the unique abundance of the ω3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are found in fish. Lipids from fish are well known to have positive impacts on human health, and as such, the transfer of lipids from the diet to fish to consumer is of great importance. Therefore, the fats and oils that are supplied for the health, growth, and development of aquaculture fish must be of good quality and sourced sustainably for the future of aquaculture production. This article describes the role of fats and oils in aquafeeds. In order to understand how the fats and oils are utilized, this article reviews the lipid and fatty acid requirements, lipid digestibility, and lipid synthesis of aquaculture fish. It also describes the most common fats and oils that are used in aquafeed formulations, as well as novel, innovative lipid sources, and new methods of formulating fatty acids in aquafeeds. The different lipid and fatty acid compositions of these fat and oil sources in the diet can directly impact the nutritional and product quality of farmed fish. The practical consideration for using high levels of dietary lipid in aquafeeds is the feed quality, particularly considering lipid oxidation.

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Effects of Nutritional Factors and Feed Characteristics on Feed Intake

Higuera¹

2001

Food Intake in Fish

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Nutritional Energetics in Fish: Energy and Protein Utilization in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Cited by 501 publications

References 0 publications

The effects of diet composition and ration on biotransformation enzymes and stress parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

The effects of diet composition and ration on biotransformation enzymes and stress parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Fats and Oils in Aquafeed Formulations

Effects of Nutritional Factors and Feed Characteristics on Feed Intake

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