Nutritional Control of Cell Pigmentation in Chlorella Protothecoides With Special Reference to the Degeneration of Chloroplast Induced by Glucose1

Shihira-Ishikawa, Ikuko; Hase, Eiji

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a079037

Cited by 53 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…Hase (20) and Bumilleriopsis filiformis on the medium of Boger (1). 3-OMG was obtained from Calbiochem; 3-O-methyl-"4C-glucose from New England Nuclear.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Hexose Transport in Chlorella vulgaris

Haass

Tanner²

1974

Plant Physiol.

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Of nine species of unicellular algae tested, Chlorella vulgaris showed the highest inducibility for an active hexose transport system. Whereas the rate of uptake in all other species was increased by induction less than 5-fold, it was increased more than 400-fold in one strain of C. vulgaris. With glucose as inducer, the minimum time necessary to synthesize inducible proteins of the transport system was 15 minutes. The Km for induction with glucose is 5 AM and with 6-deoxyglucose 1 mM.The inducing sugars have to penetrate the cells to be effective.Evidence indicating that regulation of induction occurs at the transcriptional level was obtained. The induction was inhibited by 6-methylpurine. When cells were exposed to induce in the presence of actidione no increase in transport activity could be measured. After removal of actidione as well as the inducer, an increased uptake activity was observed after 30 to 60 minutes. The induced uptake system showed a turnover with a half-life of 4 to 6 hours at 26 C under nongrowing conditions; at 0 C turnover was negligible. Turnover was partly inhibited by anaerobic condition and by actidione; it was accelerated under growing conditions. Chlorella vulgaris possesses an inducible active hexose transport system (21,23). The induction occurs in the presence of glucose or can be brought about by glucose analogues such as 3-OMG2 or 6-dG, which are not metabolized (13, 21). The induction is energy-dependent and probably involves the synthesis of one or several proteins (23).In this paper the occurrence of the inducible hexose transport system among unicellular algae and the characteristics of induction and turnover in C. vulgaris have been examined in greater detail. It has been found that the total process of induction takes about 15 min and that the induced activity shows a turnover with a half-life of 4 to 6 hr. Evidence for an induction from within the cells and for a regulation at the transcriptional level has been obtained. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe strain of Chlorella vulgaris used and the conditions of autotrophic culture were the same as previously described (23 Adaptation and Uptake Experiments. To induce sugar uptake, approximately 300 al of autotrophically grown packed cells were incubated in 10 ml of 32 mm sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, with 7.8 mm glucose present and shaken in the dark in air at 26 C in a 100-ml Erlenmeyer flask while the control was shaken without sugar. The glucose was completely consumed in about 2 to 3 hr. All strains, which showed a constitutive uptake system, were tested once more for inducibility after being starved in 32 mm sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, for 24 or 48 hr. To measure sugar uptake, the algae were incubated with the sugar analogue (0.2 mm "4C-3-OMG or 3H-6-dG) in 32 mm sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5. The reaction mixture was shaken in air in an Erlenmeyer flask in the dark at 26 C; where not otherwise indicated samples were withdrawn at 1-min intervals for 4 min and filtered rapidly through membrane filters. The filt...

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“…Hase (20) and Bumilleriopsis filiformis on the medium of Boger (1). 3-OMG was obtained from Calbiochem; 3-O-methyl-"4C-glucose from New England Nuclear.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Hexose Transport in Chlorella vulgaris

Haass

Tanner²

1974

Plant Physiol.

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“…The first experiment that was performed is related in figure 1 (2,12). The effect has been interpreted to mean that the observed loss in chlorophyll is due to degradation of the chloroplast.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorophyll Synthesis in Chlorella II. Effect of Glucose and Light Intensity on the Lag Phase

Shugarman

Appleman

1966

Plant Physiol.

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Summary. Dense cultures of Chlorella grown under our conditions contain large amounts of chlorophyll on a packed cell basis. Upon dilution the cells are, in effect, put into an environment in which light is not limiting and chlorophyll seemingly in excess (at least temporarily). Thus it is not economical for the cell to produce more chlorophyll until it is the limiting factor. It is our contention that the cell may sense this situation by the piling tup of products such as glucose or starch. The observed light intensity effect which causes a stimulation of chlorophyll production at lowered intensities is analogous to that previously reported by others and is felt to be related to the rate of photosynthate production.Chlorophyll synthesis commences after a period of about 12 hours. Once it has become established, added substrate or light have a smaller effect. At 36 hours addition of glucose stimulates growth markedly but chlorophyll production continues at the control rate. This suggests that the effect of substrate is not upon the action of an enzyme involved in the actual synthesis of the chlorophyll molecule. Glucose has been known to influence production of certain enzymes involved usually in substrate catabolism. It is quite possible that the role of glucose here is quite similar. The data are consistent with such an explanation. The substrate would have to influence the production of an enzyme in the magnesium branch of the biosynthetic pathway of porphyrin compounds and not in the portion common to both iron and magnesium porphyrins. Accordingly the lag period is viewed as both an inhibitory period as well as a preparatory period for subsequent chlorophyll synthesis.In the preceding paper the temporary inability of cultures of Chlorella to synthesize chlorophyll under certain circumstances was explored and found to be unique among all the other characteristics examined (14). Among other things it was discovered that the cells, if kept in the denser inoculating culture, were capable of considerably more chlorophyll synthesis than they accomplished utpon transfer to a less crowded environment.In this laboratory new cutltures are prepared by dilution from older ones. In so doing each cell is exposed to more light energy per unit time. As the number of cells increases the light energy per cell could be expected to diminish. It seemed possible that the amount of light might be acting in some way to influence chlorophyll synthesis. As an extension of this idea it was also possible that

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“…Table 8 shows the ratio of content of each essential amino acid to total essential amino acids, i.e., A/E ratio and compares these ratios to those of whole egg, the reference protein (6). It is clear from these values that the first limiting amino acid in the cells and protein isolates of hydrocarbon-assimilat ing yeast is the sulfur-containing amino acid, and the amounts of the rest of the amino acids are close to those of whole egg.…”

Section: Essential Amino Acid Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(mg/100g on dry basis) SHIHIRA-ISHIKAWA and HASE (6) reported that "glucose bleaching" of Chlorella protothecoides degenerated the lamella structure of chloroplasts, and certain changes in the cell membrane were also observed. The bleached cells of C. ellipsoidea in this experiment also exhibited a structural change in the cell wall region, as seen in the electron micrograph of Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

PROTEIN ISOLATES FROM <i>CHLORELLA</i> ALGAE, <i>TORULA</i> YEASTS, AND HYDROCARBON-ASSIMILATING MICROORGANISMS

Mitsuda

1973

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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Nutritional Control of Cell Pigmentation in Chlorella Protothecoides With Special Reference to the Degeneration of Chloroplast Induced by Glucose1

Cited by 53 publications

References 0 publications

Regulation of Hexose Transport in Chlorella vulgaris

Regulation of Hexose Transport in Chlorella vulgaris

Chlorophyll Synthesis in Chlorella II. Effect of Glucose and Light Intensity on the Lag Phase

PROTEIN ISOLATES FROM <i>CHLORELLA</i> ALGAE, <i>TORULA</i> YEASTS, AND HYDROCARBON-ASSIMILATING MICROORGANISMS

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