Nutritional composition, antioxidant properties, and toxicology evaluation of the sclerotium of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus tigris cultivar E

Kong, Boon Hong; Tan, Nget-Hong; Fung, Shin-Yee; Pailoor, Jayalakshmi; Tan, Cher Siang; Ng, Szu-Ting

doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2015.10.004

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…L. tigris was recently discovered as distinct from its other more well-known species, the L. rhinocerotis and has subsequently been successfully cultivated. Our earlier study (Kong et al, 2016) showed that the mushroom sclerotia are nutritive and contain numerous bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, terpenoids, and glucans which are known to contain anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. In summary, this 28-day sub-acute toxicity study has successfully demonstrated the safety profile of the L. tigris E sclerotia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nutritional and amino acid compositions of the sclerotial powder have been analyzed in our previous study. The sclerotium is rich in carbohydrate, protein, dietary fibers, minerals and contains considerable amount of essential amino acids and bioactive components, such as phenolics, terpenoids, and glucan (Kong et al, 2016). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in the cardiac muscle fibers, such as degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis, and lung tissue including inflammatory exudate in the alveolar or interstitial spaces and degeneration were inspected. Other toxicity parameters, such as necrosis of renal tubules or glomerular; changes in liver architecture, fat content and congestion in hepatocytes, evidence of cholangitis and occurrence of inflammatory cell infiltrate in the portal tracts; and alterations of spleen architecture or signs of infection were observed (Kong et al, 2016). Histologic structures of the female and male reproductive organs of the rats were also examined.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our earlier study, the sclerotia of the L. tigris cultivar E has been shown to have high carbohydrate, protein and dietary fiber content (Kong et al, 2016). The sclerotia also contain high amount of potassium which is an essential electrolytes to maintain body function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It also possesses potent superoxide anion scavenging activity. The mushroom's sclerotial extracts show high contents of glucan and terpenoid, compounds which may exhibit anticancer and immunomodulatory properties (Huang et al, 2012; Kong et al, 2016). The study suggested that L. tigris E sclerotia is a promising medicinal mushroom and may also be a good source of functional food and nutraceutical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sub-Acute Toxicity Study of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus tigris Chon S. Tan Cultivar E Sclerotium in Sprague Dawley Rats

et al. 2016

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Lignosus also known as “Tiger Milk Mushroom,” is classified in the family Polyporaceae and mainly consumed for its medicinal properties in Southeast Asia and China. The sclerotium is known as the part with medicinal value and often used by the natives to treat a variety of ailments. Lignosus tigris Chon S. Tan, one of the species of the Malaysia Tiger Milk mushroom, has recently been successfully cultivated in laboratory. Earlier studies have demonstrated the L. tigris cultivar E sclerotia exhibited beneficial biomedicinal properties. This study evaluated the potential toxicity of L. tigris E sclerotia in a 28-day sub-acute oral administration in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. L. tigris E sclerotial powder was administered orally at three different doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg to the SD rats once daily, consecutively for 28-days. Body weight of the rats was recorded and general behavior, adverse effects, and mortality were observed daily throughout the experimental period. At the end of the experiment, blood hematology and biochemistry, relative organ weights, and histopathological analysis were performed. Results showed that there were no mortality nor signs of toxicity throughout the 28-day sub-acute toxicity study. Oral administration of the L. tigris E sclerotial powder at daily dose up to 1000 mg/kg had no significant effects in body weight, relative organ weight, blood hematological and biochemistry, gross pathology, and histopathology of the organs. L. tigris E sclerotial powder did not cause any treatment-related adverse effect in the rats at different treatment dosages up to 1000 mg/kg. As the lethal dose for the rats is above 1000 mg/kg, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) dose is more than 1000 mg/kg.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sub-Acute Toxicity Study of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus tigris Chon S. Tan Cultivar E Sclerotium in Sprague Dawley Rats

et al. 2016

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Nutritional evaluation on Lignosus cameronensis C. S. Tan, a medicinal Polyporaceae

et al. 2019

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Sclerotial powder of a cultivated species of the Tiger Milk Mushroom, Lignosus cameronensis was analysed for its nutritional components and compared against species of the same genus, Lignosus rhinocerus and Lignosus tigris. All three species have been used by indigenous tribes in Peninsular Malaysia as medicinal mushrooms. Content of carbohydrate, fibre, mineral, amino acid, palatable index, fat, ash and moisture were determined. L. cameronensis sclerotial material consists of carbohydrate (79.7%), protein (12.4%) and dietary fibre (5.4%) with low fat (1.7%) and no free sugar. It has the highest content of total carbohydrate (791 g kg−1), energy value (3,700 kcal kg−1) and calcium (0.85 g kg−1). The crude protein content (123 g kg−1) is comparable to that of L. rhinocerus with its main amino acids consisting of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and leucine. The umami index is determined to be 0.27. The total essential amino acid (45 g kg−1) is comparable to that of L. tigris. The main mineral is potassium (1.51 g kg−1) and the Na/K ratio was <0.6. Heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic were absent. L. cameronensis has the highest amount of food energy, total carbohydrate and calcium compared to those of both L. rhinocerus and L. tigris. The essential amino acids comprised almost 40% of the total amino acid content, slightly more than that reported from sclerotial powder of the L. tigris. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 9999(9999):1–6, 2019

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Effect of cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus on substrates supplemented with herb residues on yield characteristics, substrates degradation, and fruiting bodies’ properties

2020

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BACKGROUND Inappropriate disposal of herb residues in China has caused major problems for the immediate environment and to human safety. Here, three herb residues, compound Kushen injection (CKI), Qizhi Tongluo capsule (QTC), and Shenbai Shuxin capsule (SSC), were applied as substrates to corncob at various ratios (30:60, 45:45, and 60:30) for the propagation of the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. The effects of supplementation using herb residues on yield, biodegradation ability, bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties, and safety of P. ostreatus were assessed. RESULTS Different spawn running times were observed using growth medium, whereas 45CKI, 60QTC, and 30SSC media were determined as optimal‐performing substrate combinations, resulting in yields of 843 g kg−1, 828 g kg−1, and 715 g kg−1 respectively. Biodegradation analysis of consumed substrates revealed a significant decrease in cellulose and hemicellulose levels compared with lignin. Furthermore, chemical analysis of fruiting bodies revealed that the 45CKI and 60QTC substrates resulted in higher total phenol, flavonoid, terpenoid, and vitamin C levels, but significantly reduced water‐soluble polysaccharides compared with the corncob medium. The methanol extract of fruiting bodies grown on substrates containing herb residues exhibited higher antioxidant properties than the control, as it was more effective in scavenging 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radicals, had greater reducing power, and more strongly inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, high‐performance liquid chromatography studies indicated that fruiting bodies did not generate matrine (a specific toxin produced in Kushen) when cultivated using the CKI substrate. CONCLUSIONS P. ostreatus cultivation on substrates mixed with herb residues facilitates herb residue management as well as bioactivity‐rich and non‐toxic fruit body formation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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Nutritional composition, antioxidant properties, and toxicology evaluation of the sclerotium of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus tigris cultivar E

Cited by 20 publications

References 27 publications

Sub-Acute Toxicity Study of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus tigris Chon S. Tan Cultivar E Sclerotium in Sprague Dawley Rats

Sub-Acute Toxicity Study of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus tigris Chon S. Tan Cultivar E Sclerotium in Sprague Dawley Rats

Nutritional evaluation on Lignosus cameronensis C. S. Tan, a medicinal Polyporaceae

Effect of cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus on substrates supplemented with herb residues on yield characteristics, substrates degradation, and fruiting bodies’ properties

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