Nutritional and food aspects related to polioencephalomalacy in ruminant

Assis, João Rafael de; Assis, Aline Cardoso Mota de; Nunes, Donaldo Antônio; Carlos, Antonio

doi:10.36560/13420201042

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Commensurate with the literature, the lesions are discrete and there is a decrease in brain consistency in animals with an acute clinical course, as observed in this study [3]. Furthermore, due to cerebral edema, caudal displacement (herniation) of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum may occur [3,5]. In chronic cases, in which the animals survive for several days, necrosis becomes more evident and the brain is visibly reduced in size due to the loss of gray matter, with flattening of the convolutions, yellowish gelatinous consistency areas of the cortex, and cavitations [5,6].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The intensity of the lesions could be due to the acute clinical course since Riet-Correa et al [5] report that necropsy findings vary according to the severity and duration of the clinical condition. Commensurate with the literature, the lesions are discrete and there is a decrease in brain consistency in animals with an acute clinical course, as observed in this study [3]. Furthermore, due to cerebral edema, caudal displacement (herniation) of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum may occur [3,5].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Regarding the differential diagnosis, it is important to consider diseases that cause laminar necrosis of the cerebral cortex, such as lead poisoning, encephalitis due to bovine herpes virus type 5, and salt intoxication [3]. However, the animals in this study were raised in an extensive system and did not receive mineral supplementation or have access to lead sources, which excludes the possibility of salt or lead poisoning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, other conditions, such as bovine herpesvirus type 5 and polioencephalomalacia (PEM), also deserve mention. In this context, PEM is a descriptive term that means necrosis with softening (malacia) of the gray matter (polio) of the brain [2,3]. The use of this term can be confusing as it can be used to designate the laminar necrosis lesion of the cerebral cortex, which is seen in sodium chloride intoxication, sulfur and lead poisoning, and bovine herpesvirus type 5 encephalitis, as well as specific neurological diseases in ruminants associated with disturbances in thiamine (vitamin B1) metabolism [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polioencephalomalacia in Buffaloes in the Amazon Biome

Barbosa,

Martins,

Ferreira Filho

et al. 2023

Animals

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The epidemiological and clinical pathological aspects of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in five buffaloes in the Amazon biome are described. Epidemiological data were obtained during the clinical visit in which buffalos were submitted to an examination of the nervous system. The diagnosis of PEM was based on epidemiological, clinical–pathological, and histopathological findings, similar to findings in other ruminants. In the clinical examination, all buffaloes had a body score between 2.5 and 3 (scale from 1 to 5), with decreased alertness, postural changes, marked hypermetria when stimulated to move, total or partial blindness demonstrated by colliding with the corral structures, head pressing and circumduction of the hindquarters when supported on the thoracic limbs, opisthotonos, muscle tremors, convulsions, paddling movements, sialorrhea, decrease in palpebral and pupillary reflexes, and eyeball rotation placing the pupillary slit in a vertical position. At necropsy, mild lesions characterized by edema and flattening of the cerebral convolutions were observed. A histopathological examination showed laminar necrosis of the cerebral cortex. The cause of PEM in the studied buffaloes was not established, which indicates the need for further studies to elucidate this disease in the species, particularly in the Amazon region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polioencephalomalacia in Buffaloes in the Amazon Biome

Barbosa,

Martins,

Ferreira Filho

et al. 2023

Animals

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Suspected Case of Persistent Thiamin Deficiency in a Hand‐Reared Caribou Calf

Denryter,

Beckmen

2024

Zoo Biology

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Hand‐reared animals are invaluable and irreplaceable in studies of wildlife nutrition. Hand‐rearing protocols provide insights into dietary and training programs, but less information is available on disease management. In young ruminants, thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency is a particularly important disease that is treatable early in the disease process, but otherwise can be fatal. In this husbandry report, we describe a case of suspected thiamin deficiency in a hand‐reared calf (Rangifer tarandus granti) that resulted in clinical signs of polioencephalomalacia and persisted for > 3 months. We attempted treatment with thiamin injections; injections resolved clinical signs of disease, but clinical signs of disease returned once injections stopped. After > 2 months of thiamin injections, the caribou calf received a rumen transfaunation from a fistulated moose (Alces alces) housed at the same facility. Following rumen transfaunation, we did not observe signs of thiamin deficiency. The calf outgrew other females in the cohort initially and shows no long‐term effects of thiamin deficiency or polioencephalomalacia. We recommend rumen transfaunation when thiamin deficiency is suspected and does not resolve with thiamin injections alone. We also recommend heterospecific donors if conspecific donors are not available.

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Polioencephalomalacia in Buffaloes in the Amazon Biome

Barbosa,

Martins,

Ferreira Filho

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The epidemiological and clinical pathological aspects of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in five buffaloes (buffaloes 01 to 05) in the amazon biome are described. Epidemiological data were obtained during the clinical visit in which the animals with clinical signs compatible with polioencephalomalacia were submitted to a general and specific clinical examination of the nervous system. During the necropsy of the five animals, the intensity and location of the lesions were evaluated and fragments from different organs were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin and sent to the Pathological Anatomy Sector of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro for histopathological examination. Of the five studied animals, all were of the Murrah breed, four male and one female, with ages ranging from two months to one year. Two buffaloes (buffalo 01 and 02) were from the municipality of Castanhal, Pará, kept in an extensive breeding system on Urochloa brizantha pasture. Buffaloes 03 and 04 belonged to a property located in the municipality of Cachoeira do Arari, Marajó Island, Pará, and buffalo 05 was from a property located in the municipality of Itaubal, state of Amapá, all of them were raised in an extensive system in flooded of native pasture. At the clinical examination, all buffaloes had a body score between 2.5 and 3 (scale from 1 to 5), and there was noted decreased alertness, postural changes, marked hypermetria when stimulated to move, total or partial blindness demonstrated by colliding to the corral structures, head pressing and circumduction of the hindquarters when supported on the forelimbs, opisthotonos, muscle tremors, convulsions, paddling movements, sialorrhea, decrease in palpebral and pupillary reflexes and eyeball rotation placing the pupillary slit in a vertical position. At necropsy, mild lesions characterized by edema and flattening of the cerebral convolutions were observed. Histopathological examination showed laminar necrosis of the cerebral cortex. The diagnosis of polioencephalomalacia was based on epidemiological, clinical-pathological, and histopathological findings, similar to findings in other ruminants. The cause of polioencephalomalacia in the studied buffaloes was not established, which indicates the need for further studies to elucidate this disease in the species, mainly in the Amazon region.

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Nutritional and food aspects related to polioencephalomalacy in ruminant

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

Polioencephalomalacia in Buffaloes in the Amazon Biome

Polioencephalomalacia in Buffaloes in the Amazon Biome

Suspected Case of Persistent Thiamin Deficiency in a Hand‐Reared Caribou Calf

Polioencephalomalacia in Buffaloes in the Amazon Biome

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