Nutritional and Environmental Approaches to Preventing and Treating Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review

Curtis, Luke; Patel, Kalpana

doi:10.1089/acm.2007.0610

Cited by 103 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 91 publications

(95 reference statements)

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“…Children with ASDs have disturbances in their metabolism of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) that manifest as a Zn deficiency and a toxicity of Cu (Bjorklund 2013). Because of these nutritional disturbances, there is great loyalty to supplemental nutrients (Curtis and Patel 2008) despite little support in the literature to suggest efficacy.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong Treatment Response and High Maintenance Rates of Clozapine in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

Kasoff

Ahn

Gochman

et al. 2016

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

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Objective: Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a rare but severe form of the disorder, which is often treatment refractory. Short-term studies have indicated a greater differential efficacy, evident through effect sizes, favoring clozapine over other agents in alleviating negative symptoms in COS patients compared with adult-onset patients (AOS). There have been no data for COS patients on long-term compliance with clozapine treatment. Therefore, we wanted to know, over a span of up to 24 years, how many of our COS cohort had remained on clozapine for at least 2 years. We review short-term treatment data and present updated long-term data on compliance and functioning for our patients. Methods: We present the results for long-term medication maintenance over a 24 year observation period for our cohort of 131 patients. Of this cohort, 91.6% (120) were available for follow-up information from either in-person or telephone contact with the patient and/or family members. We defined clozapine compliance as ‡2 years receiving this medication and doing well. Results: We were able to contact 120 of the 131 patients. In spite of the additional cost and inconvenience of regular blood monitoring, 87 patients (72.5%, 87/120) adhered to long-term clozapine maintenance therapy with dosages ranging from 50 to 900 mg, and a median dosage of 500 mg. This rate exceeds the long-term clozapine maintenance rates reported for AOS patients. Conclusions: Short-term data on differential efficacy and long-term maintenance data suggest a possibly greater efficacy of clozapine, relative to other antipsychotics, in COS than in AOS. Our overall findings indicate that very early-onset schizophrenic patients may be more responsive to clozapine. This extends other support for clozapine as an option in the treatment of early-onset schizophrenia.

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Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong Treatment Response and High Maintenance Rates of Clozapine in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

Kasoff

Ahn

Gochman

et al. 2016

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

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“…Other studies have reported that supplemental nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, magnesium, and some phytochemicals may evoke moderate benefits, while avoidance of food allergens, chemicals, and chelation therapy can afford some aid to autism patients. However, research investigating their association with disease severity and other comorbid psychiatric/non-psychiatric factors has been incomplete [23].…”

Section: Epigenetic Modifications and Interplay With Environmental Famentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Clues and Altered Metabolic Findings in Autism: Breakthroughs and Prospects from Omics Studies

Mowafy¹

2016

Autism Open Access

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive broad-spectrum disorder that involves multifaceted delays in the development of many basic, social, and communication skills. The etiology of ASD is multifactorial and involves interplay among genetic, neurologic, hormonal, metabolic, immune-inflammatory, and environmental factors; which further complicate both the diagnosis and management in affected individuals. This review delineates the underpinnings of clinical challenges posed by ASD, like clinical heterogeneity of patient presentation, unresolved ASD genomic map and deficient drug therapy. Besides, it addresses the emerging pathogenic, etiologic, and diagnostic clues of diverse origins, encompassing genetic-, neurotransmitter-, androgenic-and immunoinflammatory-anomalies in ASD patients, as availed by advances in Omics technologies (like genomics and proteomics). Moreover, as unravelled by metabolomics studies, metabolic flaws that pertain to amino acids, fatty acids, mitochondrial anomalies, and oxidative-stress are highlighted and further correlated with the extent of clinical picture and malbehaviors coherent with ASD patients. Lastly, future directions are underlined to promote and rationalize ASD research so as to help translate its findings into remedy.

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“…Empirical evidence indicates that although ASD is mostly heritable and therefore genetic human disease, environmental factors appear to play important roles in developing this abnormality (2). Many confl icting theories have proposed to clarify the environmental components associated with the disease, including nutrition, economic status, vaccination and general health care, as well as environmental pollutants and family lifestyle (3)(4)(5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition in Iranian boys with autism spectrum disorders

Salehi¹,

Aghanoori²,

Shahmohammadlu³

et al. 2015

Paediatr Croat

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The aim of this study was to assess body composition of boys with autism and also to investigate the association of demographic factors, autism severity and drug therapy with their body composition. We recruited 85 boys aged 7-14 years by stratifi ed random sampling in autism-specifi c schools in Tehran. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. The study revealed that 9.4% of participants were underweight and 47.3% were suff ering from overweight and obesity. The mean total body fat percentage and fat mass index were 23. 46% and 4.8, respectively. A high rate of obesity was found in Iranian children and adolescents with autism. Furthermore, boys whose mothers had higher educational levels may have less chance of being within the normal weight ranges in comparison with sons of lower-educated mothers (p=0.002), while father' s educational level had no eff ect on the child' s body mass index. In conclusion, a high prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in Iranian male children and adolescents suff ering from autism according to their body mass index and body fat percentage.Keywords: autistic disorder; body composition; demography; body mass index CROAT. 2015;59:159-65 240 school aged children in Iran was 7.1%, 13.8% and 14.6%, respectively (7). Overweight and obesity in children have been proven to be associated with some disorders such as type 2 diabetes, narcoleptic and orthopedic problems, cardiovascular diseases, and disarranged menstruation (8).There are limited studies on physical growth, body composition and nutritional conditions of autistic children and most of the researches were focused on language impairments, behavioral and psychological disturbances (1, 9). It has been shown that autistic children have limited physical activity and social interactions (8), while preferring self-centered activities such as watching TV and playing computer games; consequently, they are more prone to gaining weight (8). Several studies have indicated that the prevalence of overweight is considerably higher in autistic children prescribed risperidone and/or other antipsychotic drugs in comparison with non-autistic counterparts (10, 11).The common side eff ects of antipsychotic drugs are sedation, dizziness, increased appetite, weight gain, changes in the electrocardiogram parameters, drooling, hyperprolactinemia and risk of drug-related dyskinesias (12). The WHO has delineated the risk of overweight from 85 th to 97 th percentile of BMI and overweight at or above 97 th percentile BMI (13). The prevalence of at risk and being overweight in Chinese autistic children was 31.8% and 17.0% in 2-to 5-year-old age group, and 37.9% and 21.8% in 6-to 11-year age group, respectively (1). Similar statistics have been reported for British children suff ering from ASD, with the overall prevalence of at risk of overweight of 35.7% and 19% prevalence of overweight (8).Data indicated that during the 1960-1984 period, the mean BMI in autistic children (about 15% of whom were underweight) was lo...

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Nutritional and Environmental Approaches to Preventing and Treating Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review

Cited by 103 publications

References 91 publications

Strong Treatment Response and High Maintenance Rates of Clozapine in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

Strong Treatment Response and High Maintenance Rates of Clozapine in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

Emerging Clues and Altered Metabolic Findings in Autism: Breakthroughs and Prospects from Omics Studies

Body composition in Iranian boys with autism spectrum disorders

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