Nutrition of the Host and Natural Resistance to Infection

Schneider, Howard A.; Zinder, Norton D.

doi:10.1084/jem.103.2.207

Cited by 59 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…4-6) were performed on mice that were almost completely susceptible (LD50 = 3 organisms; p 0-2) so that the effective proportion of the inoculum was relatively very large. The model was almost certainly applicable to these experiments since published results show that increase in vivo is exponential (Schneider & Zinder, 1956;Hobson, 1956) and that the terminal viable count is constant and independent of death time (Hobson, 1957).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The growth of micro-organismsin vivowith particular reference to the relation between dose and latent period

Meynell

1958

J. Hyg.

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The growth of Salmonella typhimurium in mice was studied by performing viable counts on pooled viscera and, in the case of fatally infected mice, by determining the relation between size of dose and mean death time. The results suggested that this system conformed to a general model which postulates (a) that the organisms causing the response (death in the present experiments) increase in vivo at a rate which is constant for all doses, and (b) that the response is certain to occur when their number reaches a constant figure. It follows that logarithm of dose (for doses > 1 ED50) should be linearly related to mean latent period (the interval between inoculation and response). A search of the literature showed that this relation was observed in many reported infective systems.The interpretation of the observations on partially resistant mice (LD50 = 102.5−106 organisms) was not straightforward for the hypothesis of independent action (Meynell & Stocker, 1957) states that only a random fraction of the inoculum usually initiates each response. Multiplication of this fraction is considered to cause a reduction in host resistance so that other organisms surviving in vivo began to increase in numbers and to contribute to the fatal infection. The observations showed that this could well occur as (i) the counts on all mice, whether fatally infected or not, increased exponentially for 2–3 days after inoculation; (ii) the growth curves of fatally infected mice showed exponential increase of the whole inoculum as postulated; and (iii) the length of the death time was found to be determined by the growth of the whole inoculum and not by the predicted random fraction. The viable count per fatally infected mouse at the time of death was approximately constant at 108.75 organisms. There was no evidence that the course of the infection was influenced by organisms which may have been killed in vivo as the requirements of the model were satisfied by the observed behaviour of the viable organisms alone. The rate of increase of organisms in a fatally infected animal was found to be less, the greater the LD50 of the host; which suggested that the degree of host resistance was determined by successive random events occurring after inoculation.The latent period/log dose curve provides a new test of the hypothesis of independent action, since this predicts that most responses to doses equal to or less than 1 ED50 are each initiated by only one inoculated organism. Hence, the latent period should become approximately constant at such doses. This was found to be so in the present experiments.The authors are grateful to the Medical Research Council for meeting part of the expenses of this work by a grant to G. G. M. They also wish to acknowledge the help of Dr W. R. Bryan, Dr B. Mandel, Dr D. B. W. Reid and Dr G. T. Stewart who provided unpublished data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The growth of micro-organismsin vivowith particular reference to the relation between dose and latent period

Meynell

1958

J. Hyg.

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“…Serotype Typhimurium strain AJB3, a nalidixic acid-resistant derivative of serotype Typhimurium wild-type strain SR11 (25), has been described previously (2). Escherichia coli strain DH5␣ has been described previously (8).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Fimbrial Proteins Serve as Antigens during Infection of Mice

2005

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“…AJB715 is a phoN mutant derivative of IR715 and has been previously described (15). Serotype Typhimurium strain SR11 has been previously described (31) and was used in bovine ligated ileal loop experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Restriction of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Pigeon Isolates Does Not Correlate with Loss of Discrete Genes

et al. 2004

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The definitive phage types (DT) 2 and 99 of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium are epidemiologically correlated with a host range restricted to pigeons, in contrast to phage types with broader host ranges such as epidemic cattle isolates (DT104 and DT204). To determine whether phage types with broad host range possess genetic islands absent from host-restricted phage types, we compared the genomes of four pigeon isolates to serotype Typhimurium strain LT2 using a DNA microarray. Three of the four isolates tested caused fluid accumulation in bovine ligated ileal loops, but they had reduced colonization of liver and spleen in susceptible BALB/c mice and were defective for intestinal persistence in Salmonella-resistant CBA mice. The genomes of the DT99 and DT2 isolates were extremely similar to the LT2 genome, with few notable differences on the level of complete individual genes. Two large groups of genes representing the Fels-1 and Fels-2 prophages were missing from the DT2 and DT99 phage types we analyzed. One of the DT99 isolates examined was lacking a third cluster of five chromosomal genes (STM1555 to -1559). Results of the microarray analysis were extended using Southern analysis to a collection of 75 serotype Typhimurium clinical isolates of 24 different phage types. This analysis revealed no correlation between the presence of Fels-1, Fels-2, or STM1555 to -1559 and the association of phage types with different host reservoirs. We conclude that serotype Typhimurium phage types with broad host range do not possess genetic islands influencing host restriction, which are absent from the host-restricted pigeon isolates.

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Nutrition of the Host and Natural Resistance to Infection

Cited by 59 publications

References 3 publications

The growth of micro-organismsin vivowith particular reference to the relation between dose and latent period

The growth of micro-organismsin vivowith particular reference to the relation between dose and latent period

Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Fimbrial Proteins Serve as Antigens during Infection of Mice

Host Restriction of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Pigeon Isolates Does Not Correlate with Loss of Discrete Genes

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