Nutrition as Personalized Medicine against SARS-CoV-2 Infections: Clinical and Oncological Options with a Specific Female Groups Overview

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is acknowledged that vulnerable people can suffer from mortal complications of COVID-19. Therefore, strengthening the immune system particularly in the most fragile people could help to protect them from infection. First, general nutritional status and food consumption patterns of everyone affect the effectiveness of each immune system. The effects of nutrition could impact the level of intestinal and genital microbiota, the adaptive immune system, and the innate immune system. Indeed, immune system cells and mediators, which are crucial to inflammatory reaction, are in the structures of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins and are activated through vitamins (vit) and minerals. Therefore, the association of malnutrition and infection could damage the immune response, reducing the immune cells and amplifying inflammatory mediators. Both amount and type of dietary fat impact on cytokine biology, that consequently assumes a crucial role in inflammatory disease. This review explores the power of nutrition in the immune response against COVID-19 infection, since a specific diet could modify the cytokine storm during the infection phase. This can be of vital importance in the most vulnerable subjects such as pregnant women or cancer patients to whom we have deemed it necessary to dedicate personalized indications.

The Role of Diet and Specific Nutrients during the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Have We Learned over the Last Three Years?

“…Future studies could focus on topics such as nutrition as a personalized medicine in particular contexts. Examples could be oncological patients during pandemic times, as discussed in a recent review [ 231 ], and the effect of nutrition in the management of long-COVID-19 [ 232 ].…”

A Multi-Institutional Informed Consent Proposal as a Prevention Tool for Combined Oral Contraceptive Intake and Thrombotic Risk

“…Those risks have already been described here. In general, the prescribing physician needs to be aware of scientific advances, individual benefits, and risk factors, taking into account the difficulties of medical examination linked to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic status of the last years [40][41][42][43][44].…”

Effects of Vitamin D on the Renin–Angiotensin System and Acute Childhood Pneumonia

“…The numerous effects of the RAS suggest that its regulation could be very useful in infectious diseases, such as bacterial pneumonia [ 31 ]. Finally, disorders of the RAS can be caused by viral [ 32 , 33 , 34 ] or neoplastic diseases, such as those affecting the kidneys [ 35 ] or multiple organs [ 36 , 37 ].…”