Nutrition and lung cancer: a case control study in Iran

Abstract

BackgroundDespite many prospective and retrospective studies about the association of dietary habit and lung cancer, the topic still remains controversial. So, this study aims to investigate the association of lung cancer with dietary factors.MethodIn this study 242 lung cancer patients and their 484 matched controls on age, sex, and place of residence were enrolled between October 2002 to 2005. Trained physicians interviewed all participants with standardized questionnaires. The middle and upper third consumer groups were compared to the lower third according to the distribution in controls unless the linear trend was significant across exposure groups.ResultConditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the association with lung cancer. In a multivariate analysis fruit (Ptrend < 0.0001), vegetable (P = 0.001) and sunflower oil (P = 0.006) remained as protective factors and rice (P = 0.008), bread (Ptrend = 0.04), liver (P = 0.004), butter (Ptrend = 0.04), white cheese (Ptrend < 0.0001), beef (Ptrend = 0.005), vegetable ghee (P < 0.0001) and, animal ghee (P = 0.015) remained as risk factors of lung cancer. Generally, we found positive trend between consumption of beef (P = 0.002), bread (P < 0.0001), and dairy products (P < 0.0001) with lung cancer. In contrast, only fruits were inversely related to lung cancer (P < 0.0001).ConclusionIt seems that vegetables, fruits, and sunflower oil could be protective factors and bread, rice, beef, liver, dairy products, vegetable ghee, and animal ghee found to be possible risk factors for the development of lung cancer in Iran.

Fermented dairy foods intake and risk of cancer

“…Recently, there has been increasing interest in their use to prevent, mitigate or treat specific diseases . The associations of risk relating to cancer with fermented dairy foods intake have already been widely studied . However, the results remained inconsistent.…”

CIMMYT Series on Carbohydrates, Wheat, Grains, and Health: Carbohydrates, Grains, and Whole Grains and Disease Prevention. Part IV. Cancer Risk: Lung, Prostate, and Stomach

“…The authors suggest that all bread eaten in Iran is made with refined flour that contains no bran, indicating a lack of dietary fiber might be a factor in increased risk. However, the data from this study also suggest a number of potential confounders (31). First, those with lung cancer ate fewer fruits and vegetables than control subjects.…”

“…Also, these types of bread production methods potentially can produce smoke and char, which may be associated with increased risk of lung cancer. Another small Iranian case-control study found that those who were in the upper tertiles of bread and rice intakes were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (31). The authors suggest that all bread eaten in Iran is made with refined flour that contains no bran, indicating a lack of dietary fiber might be a factor in increased risk.…”

Effects of yoghurt butter oils on rat plasma lipids, haematology and liver histology parameters in a 150‐day study

“…; Hosseini et al . ). It is a major constituent of several folk medicines and is recommended during pregnancy and breastfeeding.…”

“…Yoghurt is a dairy product made by bacterial fermentation of, usually, cow's and sheep's milk (Ramchandran and Shah 2010). Yoghurt butter oil, the fat traditionally derived from yoghurt butter, is one of the most widely consumed fats in India, Iran, Greece, Turkey and several other countries (S ßenel et al 2011;Serafeimidou et al 2012;Hosseini et al 2014). It is a major constituent of several folk medicines and is recommended during pregnancy and breastfeeding.…”