Nutrition and Growth

Johnston, Francis E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6994-3_17

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The consequences for policy are substantial. Reliance on muscle size estimates may lead to the belief that protein is the major nutritional problem in developing nations, and it was so considered until recent reevaluation of the available data proved otherwise (McLaren, 1974;Waterflow and Payne, 1975;Johnston, 1980). I t is now clear that the major nutritional problem of populations in developing nations is calorie undernutrition: "one of quantity rather than quality of food' (Waterlow and Payne, 1975, p. 113).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Body composition and nutritional status of urban Guatemalan children of high and low socioeconomic class

Bogin

MacVean

1981

American J Phys Anthropol

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The effects of socioeconomic differences on the nutritional status of two groups of urban living children are considered via an anthropometric assessment of body composition. The sample consists of 981 Guatemala City children, 7.00 to 13.99 years old. Of high and low socioeconomic status (SES). High SES children have larger median values for triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, arm circumference, and estimated mid-arm muscle and fat areas than low SES children. Compared with children of a US reference sample, the high SES children generally have larger values for all variables and the low SES children have smaller values. However, the differences between the low SES children and the children of the other two samples are greater for arm fat area than for arm muscle area. The analysis suggests that low SES Guatemalan children suffer to a greater extent from chronic energy, rather than protein, undernutrition. A similar pattern of energy malnutrition has been observed for rural Guatemalan children. These combined data suggest that estimates of fat reserves of the arm provide a useful indication of nutritional status for Third-World children. Results from rural Costa Rican and Honduran studies have been taken to mean that muscle reserves are better than fat reserves as indicators of nutritional status in developing countries. But, those studies did not estimate cross-sectional muscle and fat areas and only considered the extremes of the population distribution for muscle and fat.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Body composition and nutritional status of urban Guatemalan children of high and low socioeconomic class

Bogin

MacVean

1981

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Other studies have demonstrated increased caloric intake in undernourished humans and nonhuman primates when fed ad libitum (e.g., Fleagle et al, 1975;Johnston, 1980). Jen and Hansen (1984) demonstrated that monkeys, fed intragastrically and maintained at or above normal calories, refused foods administered orally.…”

Section: Growth Canalizationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Jen and Hansen (1984) demonstrated that monkeys, fed intragastrically and maintained at or above normal calories, refused foods administered orally. Similarly, Johnston (1980) cites examples of malnourished humans who reduced their caloric intake after normal growth patterns were reestablished.…”

Section: Growth Canalizationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Neonatal nutrition and longitudinal growth from birth to adolescence in baboons

Rutenberg

Coelho

1988

American J Phys Anthropol

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Clinically normal baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis [Kingfjdon, 1971]) were used in an experiment which (1) examined growth in 48 subjects randomly assigned to three diet treatments (LC = low calorie; MC = medium calorie; HC = high calorie); (2) tested the hypothesis that different amounts of caloric availability during the neonatal period (birth to 16 weeks) had a significant effect on growth and development as measured by weight, crown-rump length, and triceps circumference in the subsequent infant, juvenile, and adolescent periods; (3) evaluated the rate of growth in these subjects; and (4) evaluated the extent to which they were capable of canalization (catch-up and catch-down growth). The LC subjects were fed 40% fewer calories than MC subjects and HC subjects were fed 40% more calories than MC subjects. Early in life baboon growth was influenced by caloric shortages and excesses. Canalization of growth attainment occurred in both the LC and HC infants after preweaning dietary treatments had ceased. This suggested that removal of environmental (caloric) insults allowed growth to be regulated by its genetic component (developmental canalization) and to return to a more normal growth pattern. Catch-up growth of LC infants occurred by 26 weeks. Catch-down growth of HC infants to normal levels occurred by 26 weeks. This indicates that growth canalization can work in both directions (reduction from caloric excess and increase from caloric insufficiency) within the same time frame. Following infancy, there were few significant treatment differences in growth of males, whereas females retain the effects of neonatal dietary treatments throughout the 5-year study.

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Neonatal nutrition and longitudinal growth in baboons: Adiposity measured by skinfold thickness

Coelho

Rutenberg

1989

American J Hum Biol

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This paper reports the results of a 5 year longitudinal experiment that (1) examined growth in adiposity of a group of 48 clinically normal olive savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) who were randomly assigned at birth to one of three diet treatments that differed, during the first 16 weeks, in the amount of nutrients they provided; (2) tested the hypothesis that different amounts of food availability during the neonatal period (birth to 16 weeks) had a significant effect on growth and development of adiposity in the subsequent infant, juvenile, and adolescent periods; and (3) evaluated the extent to which underfed (LC) and overfed (HC) subjects were capable of growth canalization. Each diet contained different caloric densities but the same proportion of fat (34%), carbohydrate (55%), and protein (11%). All animals were fed the same volume of formula; however, HC subject were fed 40% more calories than MC subjects, who were fed 40% more calories than the LC subjects. Growth and development of adiposity were assessed by measuring neck, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds weekly from birth to 16 weeks and at 13 week intervals from 26 to 260 weeks of age. We found that during the first 16 weeks of the experiments, baboon growth was strongly influenced by food shortages but not by excesses; however, when the dietary treatment ceased, growth appeared to be strongly regulated by a genetic component (developmental canalization) and tended to return to a more normal growth pattern within a 26 week time frame. Males and females exhibited differences in adipose development in that males did not exhibit residual treatment effects while females tended to retain the effects of neonatal dietary treatments through early adolescence.

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Nutrition and Growth

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Body composition and nutritional status of urban Guatemalan children of high and low socioeconomic class

Body composition and nutritional status of urban Guatemalan children of high and low socioeconomic class

Neonatal nutrition and longitudinal growth from birth to adolescence in baboons

Neonatal nutrition and longitudinal growth in baboons: Adiposity measured by skinfold thickness

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