Nutrition and Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors: 20 Years of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study Findings

Abstract

ContextGenetic and environmental factors contribute to the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to review all findings of studies conducted in framework of the Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS) regarding the association of dietary factors with cardio-metabolic risk factors.Evidence AcquisitionAll English-language studies were searched using PubMed and Scopus databases from 2000 to 2017. Finally, 105 relevant papers were included in this review.ResultsWhole grains, legumes, nuts and healthy dietary patterns (DPs) reduced risk of MetS, while white rice, salty/sweet snacks increased this. The western DP had a significant interaction with APOC3, APOA1 and MC4R polymorphisms in relation to MetS. After 6.5 years of follow-up, odds of reaching menarche ≤ 12 years was significantly higher in girls with higher intakes of milk, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous. Among children and adolescents, higher adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)-style diet decreased the risk of abdominal obesity, whereas increased adherence to the western DP could contribute to general and abdominal obesity. A three-year follow-up of adult participants showed that higher intakes of phytochemical-rich foods were inversely related to development of insulin resistance. Higher adherence to the healthy DPs was associated with the reduced risk of hyperlipidemia and hypertention. Nutrition interventions postponed rise in the prevalence of MetS. The DASH diet resulted in weight reduction compared to control diet.ConclusionsHigher adherence to healthy food choices was associated with reduced odds of MetS, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. The western DP accentuated the association of polymorphisms with MetS.

Anthropometric indices and cut-off points in the diagnosis of metabolic disorders

“…Diets that are rich in fats, especially in saturated fatty acids, with a high glycemic index, and a low fiber content can increase the risk of a MetS. Conversely, diets characterized by a low consumption of sugar, sweets, refined grains, processed meat, and high consumption of fish, legumes, nuts, whole grains, and phytochemicalrich foods decrease the risk of metabolic disorders [48][49][50]. Interventions involving physical activity also positively influence each of the MetS components [46,47].…”

The Relationship Between the Healthy Diet Index, Chronic Diseases, Obesity and Lifestyle Risk Factors Among Adults in Kaunas City, Lithuania

“…It remained significant after controlling for potential confounders. Adopting beneficial dietary patterns rich in nutrients, unsaturated oils, low-fat dairy products, and lean protein while limiting added sugars, salt, saturated fatty acids, and refined carbohydrates have been proven to reduce CVD risk ( 43 , 44 ). It is especially important to improve dietary patterns for hypertensive patients before taking antihypertensive medications.…”

“…A reduction may vary from ~ −5.5 for systolic blood pressure and −3.0 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure ( 45 ), by −7.1 mmHg and −2.6 mmHg, respectively ( 46 ), or even by −10–11 mmHg and −7–8 mmHg, respectively ( 47 ), compared to the low-fat diet. Mediterranean and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diets should be the ones to follow and are usually recommended by healthcare providers for CVD risk control ( 8 , 43 , 44 , 48 ).…”

Lifetime Impact of Cow’s Milk on Overactivation of mTORC1: From Fetal to Childhood Overgrowth, Acne, Diabetes, Cancers, and Neurodegeneration

“…The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) [ 251 ] and the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study [ 252 , 253 ] report an association between cow’s milk consumption and early menarche, a risk factor of breast cancer (BC) [ 254 ], which correlates to breast density [ 255 ]. NHANES also demonstrates an association between cow’s milk consumption and linear growth [ 42 , 256 ], well explainable by the increased somatotropic axis (GH/IGF-1) due to milk consumption [ 20 , 43 , 257 ].…”