Nutrigenomic effects of germinated brown rice and its bioactives on hepatic gluconeogenic genes in type 2 diabetic rats and HEPG2 cells

Abstract

The fact that GBR downregulates gluconeogenic genes similar to metformin, but produces better glycemic control in type 2 diabetic rats, suggests other mechanisms are involved in GBR's antihyperglycemic properties. GBR as a staple could potentially provide enhanced glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus better than metformin.

In utero Exposure to Germinated Brown Rice and Its GABA Extract Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in Rat Offspring

“…GABA extraction from and detection in GBR was done according to Md Zamri et al [8], and quantification according to Imam and Ismail [6]. Approximately 100 g of ground GBR was added to ethanol (400 mL; 70%), sonicated for 30 min, and then centrifuged for 20 min at 34,800 g .…”

“…They were then grouped ( n = 3) into HFD, regular chow (N), 50% GBR (GBR), high-dose GABA extract (GEHD), and low-dose GABA extract (GELD) groups (Table 1). The HFD formulation was made up of 47.7% total carbohydrate, 16.1% protein, 31.1% fat, 2.5% fiber, and 5.1% mineral and vitamin, and was prepared using 50% normal rat chow powder, 24% Mazola oil, 20% Nespray Full-Cream Milk Powder, 6% sugar, and 50 g of starch, placed in an oven at 60°C for 24 h, cut into smaller pieces, and then used to feed the rats [6]. The caloric compositions of the pellets given to each group are shown in Table 1.…”

“…In fact, we recently hypothesized that white rice may be contributing to the increasing burden of T2D in rice-consuming nations, since the burden of the disease is expected to predominate in those regions in the near future. The unprocessed form of rice, brown rice, is not patronized as much as white rice, due to its hard texture and indigestibility, although it has superior nutritional value [6]. The process of germination has been used to improve the texture of brown rice and been shown to potentiate the bioactive compounds present in brown rice.…”

Antioxidative Effects of Germinated Brown Rice‐Derived Extracts on H2O2‐Induced Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells

“…The germination method used was the same as in our publication [12]. Briefly, 100 g of brown rice was weighed and washed 3 times by tap water (2 : 1, water-to-rice ratio) and soaked in 200 mL of 0.1% NaOCl solvent for 30 min.…”

“…Then, the rice was soaked with 200 mL 0.5% H 2 O 2 and incubated for 6 h at 37°C. After draining the solution, the rice was incubated for 18 h at 37°C and later dried at 50°C until the moisture content reached 5–8% [12]. GBR was ground into powders with stainless steel grinder (Waring Commercial, Torrington, CT, USA).…”