Nutrigenetics: A Tool to Provide Personalized Nutritional Therapy to the Obese

Marti, Amelia; Goyenechea, Estíbaliz; Martínez, J. Alfredo

doi:10.1159/000324350

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…61,62 Several meta-analyses have studied the differential effects of diets with a low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load, 63 high fat content, 64 or high protein content 65 on obesity-associated health risks. Low-glycaemic-index and low-glycaemic-load diets reduce fasting insulin and C-reactive protein levels, which might (to some extent) prevent the development of type 2 diabetes or ameliorate the habitual low-grade inflammatory state associated with obesity.…”

Section: Meta-analysis and Systematic Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personalized weight loss strategies—the role of macronutrient distribution

2014

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A large number of different dietary approaches have been studied in the attempt to achieve healthy, sustainable weight loss among individuals with overweight and obesity. Restriction of energy intake is the primary method of producing a negative energy balance leading to weight loss. However, owing to the different metabolic roles of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in energy homeostasis, diets of similar overall energy content but with different macronutrient distribution can differentially affect metabolism, appetite and thermogenesis. Evidence increasingly suggests that the fuel values of calories provided by distinct macronutrients should be considered separately, as metabolism of specific molecular components generates differences in energy yield and. The causes of variation in individual responses to various diets are currently under debate, and some evidence suggests that differences are associated with specific genotypes. This narrative Review discusses all available systematic reviews and metaanalyses, and summarizes the results of relevant randomized controlled intervention trials assessing the influence of macronutrient composition on weight management. The initial findings of research into personalized nutrition, based on the interactions of macronutrient intake and genetic background and its potential influence on dietary intervention strategies, are also discussed. Key points• The relative contributions of different aetiological factors to obesity remains to be fully defined, although the importance of different dietary macronutrients, physical activity patterns and genetics is acknowledged• Improved understanding of the mechanisms of weight gain and obesity might lead to comprehensive and efficient strategies to prevent and ameliorate this global epidemic• Studies of the roles of individual macronutrients in weight management are needed to define whether diets of similar calorific content but different composition differentially effect energy yield and utilization• Experts generally agree that weight-loss strategies should aim to not only reduce body fat in the short term, but also achieve long-term maintenance of healthy body weight• The study of gene-nutrient interactions and the differential effects of genotype on macronutrient utilization might identify personalized strategies for effective weight loss and maintenance of healthy body weight

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Section: Meta-analysis and Systematic Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personalized weight loss strategies—the role of macronutrient distribution

2014

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“…The needs and characteristics of a treatment against obesity will be determined regarding the estimated risk in the obese patient and according to clinical criteria for therapeutic intervention [53]. Additionally, there are interindividual differences in the response to different dietetic interventions or to physical exercise due to the genetic predisposition [90]. Thus, some attempts to set out differences depending on the genotype have been reported, although the information about the treatment success is relatively poor.…”

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confidence: 99%

Usefulness of combining intermittent hypoxia and physical exercise in the treatment of obesity

Urdampilleta¹,

González‐Muniesa

Portillo³

et al. 2011

J Physiol Biochem

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104

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SummaryObesity is an important public health problem worldwide and is a major risk factor for a number of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, adverse cardiovascular events and metabolic syndrome related features. Different treatments have been applied to tackle body fat accumulation and its associated clinical manifestations. Often, relevant weight loss is achieved during the first six months under different dietary treatments. From this point, a plateau is reached, and a gradual recovery of the lost weight may occur.Therefore, new research approaches are being investigated to assure weight maintenance.Pioneering investigations have reported that oxygen variations in organic systems may produce changes in body composition. Possible applications of intermittent hypoxia to promote health and in various pathophysiological states have been reported.The hypoxic stimulus in addition to diet and exercise can be an interesting approach to lose weight, by inducing higher basal noradrenalin levels and other metabolic changes whose mechanisms are still unclear. Indeed, hypoxic situations increase the diameter of arterioles, produce peripheral vasodilatation and decrease arterial blood pressure. Furthermore, hypoxic training increases the activity of glycolytic enzymes, enhancing the number of mitochondria and glucose transporter GLUT-4 levels as well as improving insulin sensitivity. Moreover, hypoxia increases blood serotonin, decreases leptin levels while appetite is suppressed. These observations allow considering the hypothesis that intermittent hypoxia induces fat loss and may ameliorate cardiovascular health, which might be of interest for the treatment of obesity. This new strategy may be useful and practical for clinical applications in obese patients.Key Words: obesity, body weight loss, intermittent hypoxia, treatment. 1. Obesity: Prevalence, causes and complicationsObesity is an important public health problem in most countries [63], which is characterized by an excess of body fat, when amounting values higher than 20% in men and 30% in adult women [20,66].The World Health Organization (2009) warns that there are over 400 million obese adults, and that the situation will worsen in the future.The main etiological factors causing excess body weight for height are assigned to overeating and low physical activity, which lead to a positive energy balance, and result in a body fat increase [91]. Furthermore, there are other causes such as the genetic component, the distribution of energy intake throughout the day, the dietary composition of macronutrients, sleep rest, endocrine disruptions or the individual ability to oxidize energy substrates [26,70,93]. Thus, obesity is a chronic multifactorial disease resulting from the interaction between genotype, environment and physical activity patterns [14,91,95].Obesity is considered one of the major risk factors in the onset of associated chronic diseases, such as hypercholesterolemia, type II diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disorders and metabolic syndrome features [1...

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“…Previous studies have investigated SNPs in single genes or a few selected genes in relation to weight loss and regain (19)(20)(21)(22). In most of these studies, only the main effects of the SNPs are investigated (20) and not the gene-diet interaction effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most of these studies, only the main effects of the SNPs are investigated (20) and not the gene-diet interaction effects. A recent article from the epidemiologic part of the DIOGENES study examined the SNP-diet interaction of 123 SNPs in 15 genes in the hypothalamic pathway in 6566 individuals in a case-cohort design and identified one association (P = 2 · 10 27 ) with weight regain for the interaction between neuromedin B rs7180849 and GI (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms in selected nutrient-sensitive genes in weight-regain prevention: the DIOGENES study

Larsen¹,

Ängquist²,

Vimaleswaran³

et al. 2012

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Differences in the interindividual response to dietary intervention could be modified by genetic variation in nutrient-sensitive genes.Objective: This study examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in presumed nutrient-sensitive candidate genes for obesity and obesity-related diseases for main and dietary interaction effects on weight, waist circumference, and fat mass regain over 6 mo. Design: In total, 742 participants who had lost 8% of their initial body weight were randomly assigned to follow 1 of 5 different ad libitum diets with different glycemic indexes and contents of dietary protein. The SNP main and SNP-diet interaction effects were analyzed by using linear regression models, corrected for multiple testing by using Bonferroni correction and evaluated by using quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plots. Results: After correction for multiple testing, none of the SNPs were significantly associated with weight, waist circumference, or fat mass regain. Q-Q plots showed that ALOX5AP rs4769873 showed a higher observed than predicted P value for the association with less waist circumference regain over 6 mo (23.1 cm/allele; 95% CI: 24.6, 21.6; P/Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.000039/0.076), independently of diet. Additional associations were identified by using Q-Q plots for SNPs in ALOX5AP, TNF, and KCNJ11 for main effects; in LPL and TUB for glycemic index interaction effects on waist circumference regain; in GHRL, CCK, MLXIPL, and LEPR on weight; in PPARC1A, PCK2, ALOX5AP, PYY, and ADRB3 on waist circumference; and in PPARD, FABP1, PLAUR, and LPIN1 on fat mass regain for dietary protein interaction. Conclusion: The observed effects of SNP-diet interactions on weight, waist, and fat mass regain suggest that genetic variation in nutrientsensitive genes can modify the response to diet. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00390637.Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:1254-60.

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Nutrigenetics: A Tool to Provide Personalized Nutritional Therapy to the Obese

Cited by 19 publications

References 55 publications

Personalized weight loss strategies—the role of macronutrient distribution

Personalized weight loss strategies—the role of macronutrient distribution

Usefulness of combining intermittent hypoxia and physical exercise in the treatment of obesity

Analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms in selected nutrient-sensitive genes in weight-regain prevention: the DIOGENES study

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