Nutrients, satiety, and control of energy intake

Abstract

Abstract:In the context of the worldwide epidemic of obesity affecting men and women of all ages, it is important to understand the mechanisms that control human appetite, particularly those that allow the adjustment of energy intake to energy needs. Satiety is one important psycho-biological mechanism whose function is to inhibit intake following the ingestion of a food or a beverage. According to the classical theories of appetite control, satiety is influenced by macronutrient intake and/or metabolism. Satiety also seems to be modified by micronutrients, non-nutrients, and some bioactive food constituents. Under optimal conditions, satiety should be well connected with hunger and satiation in a way that spontaneously leads to a close match between energy intake and expenditures. However, the current obesity epidemic suggests that dysfunctions often affect satiety and energy intake. In this regard, this paper presents a conceptual integration that hopefully will help health professionals address satiety issues and provide the public with informed advice to facilitate appetite control.

Effect of Fibre-Enriched Orange Juice on Postprandial Glycaemic Response and Satiety in Healthy Individuals: An Acute, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Study

“…Consequently, lack of satiety is a key conditioner of the caloric intake of individuals and is crucial to the high prevalence of obesity worldwide. Therefore, it is important to understand how the intake of different nutrients or foods can influence it [5]. The effect on the feeling of satiety can vary depending on the physicochemical properties (hydration, viscosity, particle size, fermentability) and type of fibre, and this can have an impact on the caloric intake of individuals.…”

Αcute effects of essential amino acid gel-based and whey protein supplements on appetite and energy intake in older women

“…Potential explanations for the suppression of appetite, as indicated by CAS and hormonal data, are longer digestion rates (Tremblay et al 2015) and higher amino acid content (Moran et al 2011) in the WP condition. Significant increases in PYY concentration, likely due to higher amino acid content in the WP, corroborate that the consequent reductions in energy intake are due to a satiating effect of whey protein (Mollahosseini et al 2017) or dietary protein (Leidy et al 2015;Phillips et al 2016).…”

“…Taking into account that dietary and whey proteins enhance satiety (Veldhorst et al 2008;Mollahosseini et al 2017), and in a dose response manner (Veldhorst et al 2009;Paddon-Jones et al 2014), the appetite of older people may be compromised further. A full investigation of the satiety control mechanisms, which have been discussed elsewhere (Sukkar et al 2013;Tremblay et al 2015), is beyond the scope of this paper. However, a postprandial increase in peptide YY (PYY), probably due to an increase in amino acids in the gastrointestinal tract (Moran et al 2011) following consumption of dietary protein, plays a key role for reductions in energy intake (Leidy et al 2015;Phillips et al 2016).…”

Symposium ‘understanding and managing satiety: processes and opportunities’

“…Satiety is an important psycho-biological process involved in the expression of human appetite, which inhibits hunger and intake following consumption of a food or beverage (8) . It is part of a system of human appetite control: overconsumption arises from an imbalance between the tonic biological drive to eat (metabolic drive), and inhibitory tonic and episodic processes.…”