Nutrients and Productivity During the 1982/83 El Niño

Barber, Richard T.; Kogelschatz, Jane E.

doi:10.1016/s0422-9894(08)70032-1

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The year-to-year variation in the strength and productivity of the Pacific equatorial upwelling, and indirectly of the downwelling, is mainly due to the El NiAo phenomenon. The El NiAo is a natural, aperiodic, coupled ocedatmosphere perturbation of the global heat budget that profoundly modifies the normal east-west asymmetry of both heat content and productivity in the Pacific basin (Barber & Kogelschatz, 1989). During an El NiAo year, the eastern Pacific becomes progressively warmer and less productive in consequence of the thermocline becoming deeper.…”

Section: An Attempt To Describe Spatial and Temporal Scales In Oceanomentioning

confidence: 99%

How spatial and temporal scales influence understanding of Sperm Whale distribution: a review

Jaquet

1996

Mammal Review

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For much of the past two centuries, sperm whaling has been economically very profitable, and therefore whalers and, more recently, scientists have tried to understand Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) distribution and the factors controlling it. However, due to their deep‐living mode of life, their cosmopolitan distribution and our limited knowledge about their main prey species, the task has proved very difficult. This paper reviews studies of Sperm Whale distribution and the factors controlling it. The conclusions of these studies are very equivocal and often appear to contradict one another. It is suggested that this apparent confusion is mainly due to poorly defined spatial and temporal scales, the use of only one scale in most studies and the absence of consideration of the spatial and temporal scales at which relevant oceanographic processes occur. It is concluded that multiscale studies, covering the scales of oceanographic process, are needed to obtain a better understanding of Sperm Whale distribution.

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Section: An Attempt To Describe Spatial and Temporal Scales In Oceanomentioning

confidence: 99%

How spatial and temporal scales influence understanding of Sperm Whale distribution: a review

Jaquet

1996

Mammal Review

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“…Much less is known about the processes driving this variability. The strong El Niños of 1982–1983 [ Barber and Chavez , 1983, 1986; Barber and Kogelschatz , 1990] and 1997–1998 [ Chavez et al , 1999; Murtugudde et al , 1999; Wilson and Adamec , 2001] have been studied regionally but a comprehensive global scale analysis is lacking. The goals of this paper are several‐fold: (1) investigate global temporal coherence among a relatively large set of physical and biological variables associated with ENSO in a 18‐year time series (1993–2010), (2) estimate the changes in nutrients supplied to the euphotic zone during normal and El Niño conditions, and (3) determine if a simple two‐layer model that is parameterized solely from physics can accurately predict El Niño changes in chlorophyll and primary production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A global analysis of ENSO synchrony: The oceans' biological response to physical forcing

Messié

Chávez

2012

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] A global-scale Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of physical (sea surface temperatures, sea level height anomalies, atmospheric sea level pressure, photosynthetically active radiation, zonal surface currents and wind-driven upwelling velocities) and biological (surface chlorophyll concentrations and primary production) variables shows synchronous variations from 1993 to 2010 in the first mode of variability associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The first EOF of vertical temperature structure along the equatorial Pacific shows identical temporal patterns. The ENSO-driven biological changes are explained both qualitatively and quantitatively from a subset of the physical variables. During the strong 1997-1998 El Niño a global new production decrease of $0.6-0.9 PgC yr À1 is estimated from changes in the depth of the nutricline and wind-driven upwelling. This is consistent with the 3.0 PgC yr À1 decrease in global primary production observed by satellite remote sensing. A simple two-layer model of chlorophyll and primary production driven by changes in nitrate and light reproduces the patterns and magnitude of changes observed by satellite. Changes in the depth of the nutricline are found to be the primary driver of the biological anomalies. The ENSO mode of zonal currents in the equatorial Pacific shows that horizontal advection is responsible for changes in chlorophyll in the central Pacific not explained by the two-layer model.

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“…The switch in control from allochthonous marine input to in situ terrestrial productivity is likely further enhanced by a decrease in the absolute amount of allochthonous input from marine productivity. In other areas, the warm waters associated with El Niño often greatly decrease productivity at all levels throughout the marine food web (Barber and Chavez 1983, McGowan 1984, Glynn 1988, Barber and Kogelschatz 1990, Barry and Dayton 1991). Although we have no direct data on changes in marine productivty in our study area, we strongly suspect that there were significant decreases in productivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

El Niño Effects on the Dynamics and Control of Anisland Ecosystem in the Gulf of California

Polis

Hurd

Jackson

et al. 1997

Ecology

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The tremendous increase in precipitation associated with the 1992–1993 El Niño profoundly affected terrestrial communities on arid islands in the Midriff region of the Gulf of California. In 1992, winter precipitation was 5.4 times the historical mean, and winter precipitation over the entire El Niño was the highest two‐year amount ever recorded. Increased precipitation led to an explosion of annual plant growth on the previously barren (0–4% cover) islands: plant cover increased 10–160 times over what it had been. With the resumption of arid conditions in 1994, live plant cover returned to the low levels seen before the onset of El Niño. Insect abundance tracked this pulse in plant productivity and approximately doubled in 1992 and 1993 compared to 1991 levels. In 1994, the crash of annual plants caused insect densities to drop to the lowest levels recorded during the 5‐yr study. El Niño also affected the composition of the insect assemblage. In the dry years 1990–1991, the assemblage was dominated by insects feeding on products originating in the ocean: detritivores/scavengers on shore drift of marine algae and carcasses, avian parasites, and detritivores of bird products. Herbivores were extremely rare. The heavy plant growth in 1992 stimulated large (40–190 times pre‐El Niño levels) increases in herbivores. The great increases in land plant biomass and insect abundance are indicative of an important change in the dynamics of this system. Previously, most material flowing through the food webs of these islands originated directly or indirectly in the ocean. In contrast, during this El Niño, most material originated via productivity by terrestrial plants. Thus, wet El Niños represent an agent that switches the system from one dependent primarily on allochthonous input to a system driven to a greater extent by in situ productivity. The influence of this pulse of terrestrial productivity extends beyond the El Niño years: the persistence and slow release of plant and detrital biomass reserves may also greatly affect dynamics for years after the El Niño event has passed. We suggest that large‐scale climatic events such as El Niño may be long‐lasting determinants of community dynamics rather than occasional disturbance events.

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Nutrients and Productivity During the 1982/83 El Niño

Cited by 27 publications

References 36 publications

How spatial and temporal scales influence understanding of Sperm Whale distribution: a review

How spatial and temporal scales influence understanding of Sperm Whale distribution: a review

A global analysis of ENSO synchrony: The oceans' biological response to physical forcing

El Niño Effects on the Dynamics and Control of Anisland Ecosystem in the Gulf of California

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