Nutrients and Other Environmental Factors Influence Virus Abundances across Oxic and Hypoxic Marine Environments

Finke, Jan F.; Hunt, Brian P. V.; Winter, Christian; Carmack, Eddy C.; Suttle, Curtis A.

doi:10.3390/v9060152

Cited by 40 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Ratios of viruses to bacteria in environmental samples range widely, but are consistently centered about 10 in marine systems [41,42], and have not been reported for atmospheric deposition. The ranges of this ratio in 2007 and in 2008 (9-461) at OSN are comparable to those at VSN (9-121) in 2008 (Table S1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Deposition rates of viruses and bacteria above the atmospheric boundary layer

et al. 2018

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Aerosolization of soil-dust and organic aggregates in sea spray facilitates the long-range transport of bacteria, and likely viruses across the free atmosphere. Although long-distance transport occurs, there are many uncertainties associated with their deposition rates. Here, we demonstrate that even in pristine environments, above the atmospheric boundary layer, the downward flux of viruses ranged from 0.26 × 10 to >7 × 10 m per day. These deposition rates were 9-461 times greater than the rates for bacteria, which ranged from 0.3 × 10 to >8 × 10 m per day. The highest relative deposition rates for viruses were associated with atmospheric transport from marine rather than terrestrial sources. Deposition rates of bacteria were significantly higher during rain events and Saharan dust intrusions, whereas, rainfall did not significantly influence virus deposition. Virus deposition rates were positively correlated with organic aerosols <0.7 μm, whereas, bacteria were primarily associated with organic aerosols >0.7 μm, implying that viruses could have longer residence times in the atmosphere and, consequently, will be dispersed further. These results provide an explanation for enigmatic observations that viruses with very high genetic identity can be found in very distant and different environments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Deposition rates of viruses and bacteria above the atmospheric boundary layer

et al. 2018

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“…Viral lysis diverts the flow of carbon and nutrients away from larger organisms and pushes the food web towards a regenerative pathway, often referred to as the ‘viral shunt’. Viral abundance is dependent on various biotic (host abundance and composition) and abiotic variables (such as nutrient concentrations, salinity, and temperature) [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Viruses and their potential impacts on OMZs, such as eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP), Saanich inlet, and the Baltic Sea are well documented [ 14 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Incidence of Lysogeny in the Oxygen Minimum Zones of the Arabian Sea (Southwest Coast of India)

Parvathi

Jasna

Aparna

et al. 2018

Viruses

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Though microbial processes in the oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) of the Arabian Sea (AS) are well documented, prokaryote-virus interactions are less known. The present study was carried out to determine the potential physico-chemical factors influencing viral abundances and their life strategies (lytic and lysogenic) along the vertical gradient in the OMZ of the AS (southwest coast of India). Water samples were collected during the southwest monsoon (SWM) season in two consecutive years (2015 and 2016) from different depths, namely, the surface layer, secondary chlorophyll a maxima (~30–40 m), oxycline (~70–80 m), and hypoxic/suboxic layers (~200–350 m). The high viral abundances observed in oxygenated surface waters (mean ± SD = 6.1 ± 3.4 × 106 viral-like particles (VLPs) mL−1), drastically decreased with depth in the oxycline region (1.2 ± 0.5 × 106 VLPs mL−1) and hypoxic/suboxic waters (0.3 ± 0.3 × 106 VLPs mL−1). Virus to prokaryote ratio fluctuated in the mixed layer (~10) and declined significantly (p < 0.001) to 1 in the hypoxic layer. Viral production (VP) and frequency of virus infected cells (FIC) were maximum in the surface and minimum in the oxycline layer, whereas the viral lysis was undetectable in the suboxic/hypoxic layer. The detection of a high percentage of lysogeny in suboxic (48%) and oxycline zones (9–24%), accompanied by undetectable rates of lytic viral infection support the hypothesis that lysogeny may represent the major survival strategy for viruses in unproductive or harsh nutrient/host conditions in deoxygenated waters.

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“…The abundance of viruses and bacterial cells were strongly correlated (Fig. B), consistent with previous studies of virus–host abundance in aquatic and sedimentary environments (Säwström and Pollard, ; Chow et al ., ; Finke et al ., ; Pan et al ., ). Viruses were more abundant in the influent sections presumably where bacterial production was stimulated by constant acetate supply.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral and bacterial community responses to stimulated Fe(III)‐bioreduction during simulated subsurface bioremediation

Liang

Zhuang

Löffler

et al. 2019

Environmental Microbiology

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Summary The delivery of fermentable substrate(s) to subsurface environments stimulates Fe(III)‐bioreduction and achieves detoxification of organic/inorganic contaminants. Although, much research has been conducted on the microbiology of such engineered systems at lab and field scales, little attention has been given to the phage‐host interactions and virus community dynamics in these environments. The objective was to determine the responses of soil bacterial communities and viral assemblages to stimulated anaerobic Fe(III)‐bioreduction following electron donor (e.g. acetate) addition. Microbial communities, including viral assemblages, were investigated after 60 days of Fe(III)‐bioreduction in laboratory‐scale columns continuously fed with acetate‐amended artificial groundwater. Viral abundances were greatest in the influent section and decreased along the flow path. Acetate availability was important in influencing bacterial diversity, microbial interactions and viral abundance and community composition. The impact of acetate addition was most evident in the influent section of the columns. The increased relative abundance of Fe(III)‐reducing bacteria coincided with an increase in viral abundance in areas of the columns exhibiting the most Fe(III) reduction. The genetic composition of viruses in these column sections also differed from the control column and distal sections of acetate‐treated columns suggesting viral communities responded to biostimulated Fe(III)‐bioreduction.

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Nutrients and Other Environmental Factors Influence Virus Abundances across Oxic and Hypoxic Marine Environments

Cited by 40 publications

References 56 publications

Deposition rates of viruses and bacteria above the atmospheric boundary layer

Deposition rates of viruses and bacteria above the atmospheric boundary layer

High Incidence of Lysogeny in the Oxygen Minimum Zones of the Arabian Sea (Southwest Coast of India)

Viral and bacterial community responses to stimulated Fe(III)‐bioreduction during simulated subsurface bioremediation

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