Nutrients and Dietary Approaches in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review

Jiménez‐Cortegana, Carlos; Iglesias, Pedro; Ribalta, Josep; Vilariño-García, Teresa; Montánez, Laura; Arrieta, Francisco; Aguilar, Manuel; Durán, Santiago; Obaya, Juan Carlos; Becerra, A.; Pedro‐Botet, Juan; Sánchez-Margalet, Vı́ctor

doi:10.3390/nu13114150

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 225 publications

(241 reference statements)

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“…Overt proteinuria: During this stage, the renal function is compromised, resulting in the kidneys being unable to retain proteins effectively. Consequently, there is a notable increase in protein excretion in the urine [ 20 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes: From Microvascular to Macrovascular Pathways

Zakir,

Ahuja,

Surksha

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Diabetes mellitus, with a growing risk of developing complications, has a significant negative impact on cardiovascular health, including microvascular and macrovascular issues. This thorough narrative study methodically examines the complex connection between cardiovascular problems and diabetes. We start by thoroughly introducing diabetes mellitus, classifying its various forms, and discussing its growing global impact. Then, we examine retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy in detail, illuminating their biology, clinical presentations, and treatment options. Moving on to macrovascular consequences, we investigate the complex relationships between diabetes and coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease, emphasizing risk factors, diagnostic standards, and treatment plans designed for people with diabetes. The review analyzes the pathophysiological pathways that link diabetes to cardiovascular problems, including endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, immune system dysregulation, and oxidative stress brought on by hyperglycemia. Additionally, we review the critical function of risk monitoring, assessment, and predictive tools in early detection. While highlighting current research paths and the need for tailored medical approaches to address this complex health issue, the story also includes prevention and management strategies, ranging from lifestyle changes to developing medications. This narrative review concludes by providing a thorough summary of current information, highlighting research gaps, and advocating for interdisciplinary efforts to reduce the cardiovascular effects of diabetes.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes: From Microvascular to Macrovascular Pathways

Zakir,

Ahuja,

Surksha

et al. 2023

Cureus

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“…In addition to the proper amount of fish in the diet, our results indicate that red meat and fast food products are (although infrequently) present in the diet of patients. Many studies have shown that the limited intake of saturated fats, also present in red meat, contributed to a reduced cardiovascular risk [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. The products mentioned above and fast foods are also natural sources of sodium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Coexisting Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Szczepańska

Gacal

Sokal

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Background: Dietary modifications are recommended alongside pharmacotherapy in treating both diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. Aims: The primary aim of our study was to assess the diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and myocardial infarction (MI) and to identify dietary differences between patients after the first and subsequent cardiovascular (CV) event. The secondary aim was to analyze the differences between men’s and women’s diets. Methods: The study population consisted of patients with DM/T2DM and MI. The research tool was the original author’s questionnaire which was collected personally by a qualified dietician. Results: The study included 67 patients with a mean age of 69 ± 8 years, hospitalized at the Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases in Zabrze in 2019. The study found that patients consumed less bread, whole-grain cereal products, fermented milk products, and vegetables than was recommended. A total of 32.8% of patients reported an intake of sweetened beverages, while 85.1% of participants consumed sweets despite being diagnosed with DM. Except for sweetened drinks, no differences in dietary behaviors were found in the patients after the first and second MI episode. Most of the included patients assessed their diet as appropriate. Conclusion: The dietary assessment of diabetes and myocardial infarction patients indicates that the diet does not comply with dietary recommendations, thus increasing the risk of a recurrent cardiac event despite a previous MI. No differences between the men’s and the women’s nutritional habits were observed.

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“…The importance of nutrition in preventing CVDs and T2DM individually is well established in several studies that focused on macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, macrominerals), micronutrients (vitamins and other minerals), and other nutrients (fiber, and dietary supplements) to control the balance between energy expenditure and calorie intake. It is necessary to highlight the importance of food quality over food quantity by having dietary patterns rich in whole grains, fruit, vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, or vegetable oils and poor in processed meats, refined grains, refined carbohydrates, and salt [18][19][20][21]. An energy-dense dieatry pattern high in saturated fat and free sugar causes the temporary emergence of some metabolic and physiological derangements or dysfunctions, including oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, which act directly on postprandial plasma triglycerides and glucose.…”

Section: Nutrition-related Cardiometabolic Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Modulations in Preventing Cardiometabolic Risk in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

Dal,

Bilici

2024

Curr Nutr Rep

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Purpose of Review Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex health issue include obesity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and chronic inflammation that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CVDs are of great concern in the disease progression and prognosis of T2DM. This review is a comprehensive examination of the literature on the relationship between T2DM and cardiovascular risk, nutrition-related cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors, and impact of dietary modulations on CMR. Recent Findings In recent years the researches has been focus on the importance of a comprehensive treatment approach like dietary modulations to address multiple cardiovascular risk reductions, including hypertension and dyslipidemia. Modulation of dietary patterns are the most promising interventions to prevent CMR factors and T2DM via affecting the body weight, glucose control, and microbial diversity of individuals. Current evidence suggests that high-quality dietary patterns such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan and the Mediterranean diet is important in the metabolic control processes of T2DM with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds, glucagon-like peptide agonist compounds, and intestinal microbiota changes. Summary Nutrition plays a critical role in preventing and improving CVD outcomes in patients with T2DM. Dietary modulations should be planned considering individual differences in responses to dietary composition and nutritional changes, personal preferences, eating behaviors and gut microbiota differences.

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Nutrients and Dietary Approaches in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review

Cited by 15 publications

References 225 publications

Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes: From Microvascular to Macrovascular Pathways

Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes: From Microvascular to Macrovascular Pathways

Diet in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Coexisting Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Dietary Modulations in Preventing Cardiometabolic Risk in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

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