Nutrient Reductions to the Baltic Sea: Ecology, Costs and Benefits

Gren, Ing‐Marie; Söderqvist, Tore; Wulff, Fredrik

doi:10.1006/jema.1997.0137

Cited by 72 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…While the dynamics of the eutrophication process have been described in detail in analytical models (e.g., Carpentier et al Mäler et al 2003, Ludwig et al 2003, the investment required to set up wastewater treatment facilities has, to our knowledge, not been considered in previous papers. Studies analyzing nutrient abatement in both agricultural and municipal sources have applied a static framework and assumed that the requisite abatement technology is already in place (e.g., Elofsson 2003, Malik et al 1993, Gren et al 1997). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal management of a eutrophied coastal ecosystem: balancing agricultural and municipal abatement measures

Laukkanen

Huhtala

2007

Environ Resource Econ

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Agriculture and municipal wastewater are the principal sources of eutrophying nutrients in many water ecosystems. We develop a model which considers the characteristics of agricultural and municipal nutrient abatement. The model explicitly accounts for the investment needed to set up wastewater treatment facilities, and makes it possible to determine the optimal timing of investment as well as the optimal agricultural and municipal abatement levels. We apply the model to the Finnish coastal waters of the Gulf of Finland. Our results indicate that substantial savings in abatement costs and the damage associated with eutrophication could be obtained by constructing the facilities needed to process all the wastewaters entering the coastal ecosystem. The optimal timing of investment is shown to hinge on both the economic and ecological characteristics of the ecosystem.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal management of a eutrophied coastal ecosystem: balancing agricultural and municipal abatement measures

Laukkanen

Huhtala

2007

Environ Resource Econ

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“…The design of CEs, for example, requires intense collaboration with natural scientists and a careful pilot phase to create realistic scenarios (Kosenius, 2010). Gren, Söderqvist, and Wulff (1997) describe the integrated tools and steps that would be necessary to obtain complete information and acknowledge that even for eutrophication there is no complete picture. So far, only some work has been carried out to advance interdisciplinary research on eutrophication and to extend the degree of understanding of these issues .…”

Section: Issues Related To the Knowledge About The Natural Science Bamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These were compared to basin-wide costs. The results are based on the assumption that a 50% reduction in N and P loads will restore a GEcS of the Baltic Sea comparable to that during the 1960s Gren, Söderqvist, and Wulff, 1997;Zylicz, 1999, Turner et al, 1999). Zylicz et al (1995) between different combinations of price and quantity.…”

Section: Studies That Value Eutrophication Effects In the Baltic Sea mentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the environmental effectiveness of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Bertram

Rehdanz

2013

Marine Policy

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Abstract:Marine and coastal ecosystems -and thus the benefits they create for humans -are subject to increasing pressures and competing usages. For this reason, the European Union (EU) adopted the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), which is to guide future maritime policy in the EU and aims at achieving or maintaining a good environmental status (GES) of the European seas by 2020. To this end, the MSFD requires the development of improvement measures, which have to be assessed inter alia by examining their cost-effectiveness and by carrying out cost-benefit analysis (CBA) before their implementation.In this paper, we investigate the applicability of environmental CBA in the marine context and identify and discuss problems that may hamper the environmental effectiveness of the MSFD. For example, marine ecosystem services are much less tangible than terrestrial ecosystem services. This implies greater challenges for the quantification of societal benefits in a marine context.One finding is that the limitations of environmental valuation methods regarding their ability to capture the whole total economic value of improvement measures are a potential source of problems, as the MSFD allows countries to disregard measures with disproportionately high costs. The transboundary nature of the main European seas adds to the complexity of the valuation task, e.g. due to the danger that benefits that occur outside of national territories are neglected. Moreover, the current state of knowledge on the functioning of complex marine ecosystems and the links to socio-economic impacts and human well-being seems insufficient to meet the MSFD requirements.

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“…The study by Gren et al (1996) analysed all Baltic bordering countries and found that all transition economies (except Russia) are likely to be net losers of the Baltic clean up programme with aggregated net losses of about 1.2 billion. Poland will lose the most (about 630 million net loss).…”

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confidence: 99%

Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Poland

2001

OECD Economics Department Working Papers

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This paper reviews several aspects of Poland’s environmental policies. Its main finding is that substantial progress has been made in dealing with the environmentally unfriendly legacy from the past. Poland has successfully combined emission permits based on environmental quality standards, emission fees and fines, public environmental subsidy schemes and widely publicised lists of the worst polluters. Other important factors of success were long-term time consistency, gradual tightening of enforcement and limited administrative discretion. Poland is now embarking on a fundamental revision of its instrument mix in order to respond to new environmental challenges typical of market economies, and to comply with the European Union environmental Directives. In this context, the challenge is to formulate a medium-term strategy that is both environmentally effective and market friendly. Pending legislative amendments, however, may not always live up to this challenge. New instruments ... Ce document examine plusieurs aspects de la politique de l’environnement de la Pologne. Sa conclusion principale est que des progrès significatifs ont été réalisés pour faire face à l'héritage environnemental encombrant du passé. La Pologne a combiné avec succès l'usage de permis d'émission basés sur des normes environnementales, des redevances et des amendes portant sur les émissions, des subventions publiques à l'environnement, et la publication de listes des pires pollueurs. D'autres facteurs importants de succès ont été la cohérence à long terme de la politique de l'environnement, le renforcement graduel de sa mise en application et le degré limité d'arbitraire dans les décisions administratives. La Pologne se lance désormais dans une refonte fondamentale de son dosage d'instruments afin de mieux répondre aux défis posés par le passage à une économie de marché, et afin de se mettre en conformité avec les Directives environnementales de l'Union européenne. Dans ce cadre, le ...Poland, environment, environnement, Pologne

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Nutrient Reductions to the Baltic Sea: Ecology, Costs and Benefits

Cited by 72 publications

References 8 publications

Optimal management of a eutrophied coastal ecosystem: balancing agricultural and municipal abatement measures

Optimal management of a eutrophied coastal ecosystem: balancing agricultural and municipal abatement measures

On the environmental effectiveness of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Poland

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