Nutrient Composition of Cereals-based Complementary Flour and its Nutritional Adequacy in Infants Nutrition

Makori, Nyabasi; Kassim, Neema; Kinabo, Joyce; Matemu, Athanasia O.

doi:10.5539/jfr.v6n6p45

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, the IYC in Kongwa Tanzania may be at risk of exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin and stunted growth (Chen et al, 2018;Kamala et al, 2017;Kimanya et al, 2014). Relying on cereal-based complementary foods might also limit the bioavailability of micronutrients and the attainment of nutrient adequacy, which may altogether impact negatively on the nutritional status of children during their critical period of growth (Makori et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary feeding in Kongwa, Tanzania: Findings to inform a mycotoxin mitigation trial

Mollay

Kassim

Stoltzfus

et al. 2021

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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Complementary feeding of 6-to 24-month-old infants and young children with adequate, safe and developmentally appropriate food is essential to child health.Inappropriate complementary foods and feeding practices are linked to the high incidences of undernutrition among infant and young children in most developing countries, including Tanzania. Mycotoxin risk is an additional concern, given the documented presence of aflatoxin and fumonisin in food systems of Africa, especially maize and groundnut. In preparation for a trial of mycotoxin mitigation, we conducted focus group discussions and recipe trials to explore complementary foods and feeding practices in Kongwa, a rural district of central Tanzania. Sixty mothers of infants from 6 to 18 months of age in five villages across the district were purposefully sampled. During focus group discussions, mothers reported to mostly feed their children with cereal and groundnut-based foods as thin or thick porridges.The most common porridge preparations contained cereal (mostly, maize) ranging from 66.7% to 80.0% by weight and groundnuts from 7.7% to 33.3%. The ratio of cereal to groundnut ranged from 3:1 to 4:1. For the recipe trial sessions, mothers chose similar ingredients reported during discussions to prepare complementary foods. The reliance on maize and groundnuts in complementary foods predisposes the children to undernutrition and exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins. These formative research results suggest multiple intervention points to improve complementary feeding and reduce mycotoxin exposure in this population, including education messages package on feeding practices, mycotoxin control practices and complementary food formulation.aflatoxin, complementary feeding practices, fumonisin, infant and young child, Tanzania, undernutrition | INTRODUCTIONExclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life (Butte et al., 2002;Kramer & Kakuma, 2001) and appropriate complementary feeding from around 6 months of age are critical for early childhood growth and development (WHO/PAHO, 2003). After exclusive breastfeeding for the recommended period of 6 months, complementary feeding of 6-to 24-month-old infants and young children (IYC) with safe, nutritious and developmentally appropriate food is imperative to prevent undernutrition and exposure to food-borne toxins and to

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary feeding in Kongwa, Tanzania: Findings to inform a mycotoxin mitigation trial

Mollay

Kassim

Stoltzfus

et al. 2021

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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“…On the other hand, a diet rich in cereals and legumes is usually inadequate to meet micronutrient requirements [24]. Furthermore, cereals and legumes contain a high amount of phytates which are inhibitors of micronutrient absorption such as iron and zinc [23,52], and these nutrients are essential for adolescents' growth and development [44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Practices, Nutrient Adequacy, and Nutrition Status among Adolescents in Boarding High Schools in the Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania

Calista

Martin

Kassim

et al. 2020

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

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A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess dietary practices, nutrient adequacy, and nutrition status among 164 adolescents aged between 16 and 19 years in boarding secondary schools in the Kilimanjaro region. In-depth interviews and a survey guided by a semistructured and structured questionnaire, including 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire techniques, were used to collect information. Nutrition status was assessed using anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin levels. WHO AnthroPlus software and NutriSurvey software were used to analyze anthropometry and dietary data, respectively. Diet in boarding schools was monotonous comprising mainly of cereal-legume meal with low intake of animal sources, fruits, and vegetables. Mean intake of energy, vitamin C, iron, calcium, and zinc was 1392 kcal, 24.8 mg, 9.2 mg, 134.5 mg, and 4.3 mg, respectively, which were below the Recommended Daily Allowance. The average carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake of 471.9 g, 73.7 g, and 80.7 g, respectively, were slightly higher than the Recommended Daily Allowance in both sexes. Male had a significantly higher intake of protein and carbohydrates (P<0.001). Female had a significantly (P<0.001) high intake of fat compared to male adolescents. Overall, 23.1% of the adolescents were anaemic, 25% were overweight, and 6.1% were obese. Boarding secondary schools’ diet is monotonous and are inadequate in key micronutrients, iron, zinc, calcium, and vitamin C. There is a coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition among adolescents in boarding schools. Therefore, monitoring adolescents’ dietary intake and nutrition status is a key in preventing adolescents’ malnutrition in the short term and diet-related diseases in the long term.

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“…The essential minerals such as Zinc (0.1 -0.15), iron (0.02 -0.03) and calcium (1.28 -1.66) were appreciably present in the formulated complementary foods. Interestingly, previous studies reported that iron and zinc are required for blood formation and brain development, respectively, while calcium is required for teeth and bone formation (Al-Mamun & Ghani 2017; Makori et al 2017). The sodium/potassium (Na/K) and calcium/phosphorous (Ca/P) molar ratios varied from 0.64 to 0.85 and 12.36 to 18.42, respectively.…”

Section: Energy Proximate and Mineral Composition Of Formulated Compl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional quality, functional property and acceptability of maize (Zea mays) based complementary foods enriched with defatted groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) and ginger (Zinger officinale Roscoe) powder in Wistar rats

Ijarotimi

2022

Food Prod Process and Nutr

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Traditional complementary foods in Africa are cereal-based, low in nutrient-density; hence, causing severe-acute-malnutrition. This study was aimed to formulate and evaluate nutritional quality of complementary foods (CF) using locally available food materials. Yellow maize (raw, germinated & fermented), defatted groundnut (DGF) and ginger flour (GGF) were blended to obtain RDG (76.7% raw yellow maize, 20.8% DGF and 2.5% GGF), GDG (74.4% germinated yellow maize, 23.1% DGF, 2.5% GGF), and FDG (72.6% fermented yellow maize, 24.9% DGF, 2.5% GGF). Food samples were evaluated for nutritional qualities and sensory attributes using standard methods. Protein (g/100 g), energy value (kCal/100 g), total amino acids and essential amino acids (g/100 g protein) of formulated CF ranged from 19.38 to 28.58, 373.49 to 394.53, 87.33 to 91.89 and 36.17 to 37.63, respectively, and were comparable to control (17.07, 401.22, 94.47 & 35.35). Minerals were present in appreciable amount in the foods, while phytate/mineral (Ca, Fe, Zn) and oxalate/calcium molar ratios were lower than critical levels. Bulk density (1.4 - 1.6 g/mL), least gelation (4 - 6%), water absorption capacity (10.5 - 15.8%) and swelling capacity (0.5 - 1.2%) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in formulated CF than in control, except for bulk density. Biological value (78.44%) of FDG was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than GDG (78.4%) and RDG (75.87%), respectively, but lower than control (93.48%). Pack cell volume (22.50%), haemoglobin concentration (7.5 g/dL), red blood cell (3 × 103 mm− 3), albumin (3.72 g/dL), total blood protein (5.62 g/dL) and globulin (1.9 g/dL) of rats fed on FDG were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than other diets, but comparable to that of control. Kidney (urea, 10.16 mg/dL; creatinine, 4.8 mg/dL) and liver function index (AST/ALT ratio, 0.38) of rats fed on FDG were lower than in those rats fed on RDG, GDG and control. For sensorial attributes, RDG was ranked best next by FDG in appearance, aroma, texture, taste and overall acceptability, but were significantly (p < 0.05) rated lower than control. Finally, the study established that FDG (72.6% fermented yellow maize, 24.9% defatted groundnut and 2.5% ginger) was the best in nutritional quality and growth performance in rats; hence, this CF may be suitable to mitigate expensive commercial infant formula in alleviating severe-acute-malnutrition in children. Graphical abstract

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Nutrient Composition of Cereals-based Complementary Flour and its Nutritional Adequacy in Infants Nutrition

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

Complementary feeding in Kongwa, Tanzania: Findings to inform a mycotoxin mitigation trial

Complementary feeding in Kongwa, Tanzania: Findings to inform a mycotoxin mitigation trial

Dietary Practices, Nutrient Adequacy, and Nutrition Status among Adolescents in Boarding High Schools in the Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania

Nutritional quality, functional property and acceptability of maize (Zea mays) based complementary foods enriched with defatted groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) and ginger (Zinger officinale Roscoe) powder in Wistar rats

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