Nutrient-Based Appetite Regulation

Abstract

Regulation of appetite is dependent on crosstalk between the gut and the brain, which is a pathway described as the gut-brain axis (GBA). Three primary appetite-regulating hormones that are secreted in the gut as a response to eating a meal are glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), and peptide YY (PYY). When these hormones are secreted, the GBA responds to reduce appetite. However, secretion of these hormones and the response of the GBA can vary depending on the types of nutrients consumed. This narrative review describes how the gut secretes GLP-1, CCK, and PYY in response to proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. In addition, the GBA response based on the quality of the meal is described in the context of which meal types produce greater appetite suppression. Last, the beneficiary role of exercise as a mediator of appetite regulation is highlighted.

Examining the Direct and Indirect Effects of Postprandial Amino Acid Responses on Markers of Satiety following the Acute Consumption of Lean Beef-Rich Meals in Healthy Women with Overweight

“…We included a repeated, mixed-meal design in which whole protein foods were consumed along with carbohydrates and fats. As shown in a number of reviews [ 30 , 31 , 32 ], other nutrients can either directly elicit satiety (e.g., fiber, calcium, iron, and B12), or indirectly do so through altering protein digestibility. Despite these nutrient confounders, postprandial AAs in our current study accounted for a large variability in the daily satiety response [ 30 ].…”

Novel Pharmaceuticals in Appetite Regulation: Exploring emerging gut peptides and their pharmacological prospects

“…However, due to the presence of distinct surface receptors in various parts of the small intestine, different nutrients may also trigger the release of CCK. 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 In addition, CCK is also synthesized in various other tissues, including the adrenal glands, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, central and peripheral nervous systems, urogenital tract, cardiovascular system, and immune system, indicating a wide array of physiological functions. 163 …”