Nutrient Balance Studies in Premature Infants Fed Premature Formula or Fortified Preterm Human Milk

Ehrenkranz, Richard A.; Gettner, Patricia; Nelli, Catherine M

doi:10.1097/00005176-198901000-00012

Cited by 54 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…Magnesium intake was found in the same range as reported by Schanler (Ehrenkranz et al, 1989;Raschko et al, 1989;Schanler et al, 1985;Schanler et al, 1999), (Table 5).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…A positive calcium retention with higher calcium intake, and similar phosphorus and magnesium retention were reported from other nutritional studies which included ELBW infants (Ehrenkranz et al, 1989;Raschko et al, 1989;Moyer-Mileur et al, 1992;Schanler & Abrahms, 1995;Schanler et al, 1999). We found calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium retention (Tables 3 -5) markedly lower than their intrauterine accretion rate (Koo & Tsang, 1993).…”

Section: Retentionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Our calcium absorption was lower (13.4%) than in other studies (Ehrenkranz et al, 1989;Schanler et al, 1996). Schanler previously found an absorption of 45%=58% at 6=9 weeks of age, respectively (Schanler et al, 1999).…”

Section: Calcium Absorptioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

“…Other authors described higher weight gain and increments of longitudinal length and fronto-occipital circumference than we achieved (Ehrenkranz et al, 1989;Schanler & Abrahms, 1995;Schanler et al, 1999;Raschko et al, 1989). Growth in our study was impaired by lower mineral and zinc intake.…”

Section: Growthcontrasting

confidence: 46%

“…Recommendations for their mineral intake based on balance studies are scarce. We are aware of five studies, which included small numbers of 'stable' ELBW infants (Ehrenkranz et al, 1989;Raschko et al, 1989;MoyerMileur et al, 1992;Schanler & Abrahms, 1995;Schanler et al, 1999). We hypothesized that commercial fortifiers designed for preterm infants of higher gestational age and birthweight do not meet calcium, phosphorus and magnesium needs of ELBW infants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium balance: FM 85 fortification of human milk does not meet mineral needs of extremely low birthweight infants

et al. 2002

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Objective: Extremely low birthweight ( < 1000 g) infants are growing rapidly and their nutritional requirements for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium are high. Design: Prospective, mineral balance. Setting: The study was carried out at the Department of Neonatology, Virchow-Hospital, Charité Berlin and the Department of Molecular Trace Element Research, Hahn-Meitner-Institute Berlin. Subjects: Nineteen infants < 1000 g birthweight were admitted, nine infants dropped out and 10 infants (birthweight 730 -995 g), fed fortified human milk were included. Intervention: We collected infant's urine and feces for 72 h, a sample of human milk and infant's blood at 7 and 12 weeks of age. Elements were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry. Results: Mean (s.d.) mineral concentration in milk was low especially at 12 weeks: calcium 9.88 ( AE 3.58) mmol=l, phosphorus 7.02 ( AE 3.81) mmol=l, magnesium 1.59 ( AE 0.54) mmol=l. Calcium retention was minimal or negative during the study, whereas phosphorus and magnesium balances were positive. Caffeine and diuretics increased mineral excretion. Serum alkaline phosphatase was mostly < 800 U=l, and 162 U=l in one infant with zinc deficiency at 12 weeks. Alkaline phosphatase correlated with absorption and retention of phosphorus, and with longitudinal growth. Conclusions: Infants < 1000 g have high nutritional needs for calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, which are not met by a human milk fortifier widely used in Europe. Controlled trials are needed to assess requirements, duration and risks of mineral supplementation.

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“…Magnesium intake was found in the same range as reported by Schanler (Ehrenkranz et al, 1989;Raschko et al, 1989;Schanler et al, 1985;Schanler et al, 1999), (Table 5).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Retentionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Calcium Absorptioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Section: Growthcontrasting

confidence: 46%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium balance: FM 85 fortification of human milk does not meet mineral needs of extremely low birthweight infants

et al. 2002

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Selenium Absorption and Retention by Very‐Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants

Ehrenkranz,

Gettner,

Nelli

et al. 1991

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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Measurements of dietary selenium absorption and retention were obtained after administration of a single dose of the extrinsic stable isotope tag 74Se in 20 appropriate for gestational age premature infants with birth weights between 720 and 1,630 g and gestational ages between 26 and 33 weeks. Infants were assigned randomly to receive a standard premature formula (1.34 μg of Se/dl) or a selenium‐supplemented version of that formula (2.03 μg of Se/dl). Each study consisted of one feeding that had been extrinsically labeled with 74Se (1.03 μg/kg) and a timed stool and urine collection. The percent 74Se absorption was 91.2 ± 5.4% (mean ± SD) from the standard formula and 86.2 ± 3.0% from the selenium‐supplemented formula (p < 0.05), but the percent of the absorbed 74Se retained was not different, i.e., 96.6 ± 2.1% and 95.0 ± 2.8%, respectively. The percent net absorption and net retention were also not different between the standard and selenium‐supplemented formulas; net absorption was 72.7 ± 18.1% vs. 67.8 ± 18.8% and net retention was 57.2 ± 17.6% vs. 53.3 ± 20.2%, respectively. The percent 74Se absorption and true selenium absorption were significantly correlated with the percent net selenium absorption and net selenium absorption, respectively. We conclude that an extrinsically administered dose of 74Se can be used to study selenium nutrition in growing premature infants.

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Growth and Metabolic Responses in Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants Fed Human Milk Fortified with Human Milk Protein or with a Bovine Milk Protein Preparation

Moro,

Minoli,

Fulconis

et al. 1991

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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Unfortified human milk does not normally provide enough protein to secure maximal growth in low‐body‐weight (LBW) infants. Due to the practical difficulties in obtaining human milk protein (HMP), a bovine milk protein preparation (BMP) was designed by computer calculation to contain as close as possible the amino acid composition of the nutritionally available human milk proteins. Twenty‐one AGA, LBW infants (BW of 1,180 to 1,600 g, GA of 27 to 33 weeks) were randomly assigned to be fed HM enriched either with HMP (9 infants) or BMP (12 infants). When full volume intake (170 ml/kg/day) was reached, the protein intakes were 3.6 ± 0.5 and 3.3 ± 0.3 g/kg/day, respectively, in the two diet groups. During the study period of 24 days, the infants achieved intrauterine or better weight gains: 32.9 ± 3.3 g/day (17.7 ± 1.9 g/kg/day) in the HMP group and 34.7 ± 7.3 g/day (18.3 ± 3.5 g/kg/day) in the BMP group. Serum urea nitrogen, acid‐base status, and albumin values were normal and similar in both groups of infants. Plasma concentrations of total essential and total amino acids at the end of the study were 3,999 and 1,539 μmol/L and 3,899 and 1,422 μmol/L in the HMP and the BMP groups, respectively. The concentrations of all individual plasma amino acids were similar in both feeding groups. These results show that feeding human milk fortified with a modified bovine milk protein preparation produces satisfactory growth and a plasma amino acid profile similar to that found in LBW infants fed exclusively human milk protein at similar intakes.

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Nutrient Balance Studies in Premature Infants Fed Premature Formula or Fortified Preterm Human Milk

Cited by 54 publications

References 0 publications

Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium balance: FM 85 fortification of human milk does not meet mineral needs of extremely low birthweight infants

Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium balance: FM 85 fortification of human milk does not meet mineral needs of extremely low birthweight infants

Selenium Absorption and Retention by Very‐Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants

Growth and Metabolic Responses in Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants Fed Human Milk Fortified with Human Milk Protein or with a Bovine Milk Protein Preparation

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