Nutraceutical potential of Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan extracts and assessment of a downstream purification strategy

Abstract

The main goal of the present work was to determine the nutraceutical potential of Asparagopsis taxiformis D. extracts from Madeira Archipelago south coast. Extraction methodologies consisted either/or in 72 hours stirring, at room temperature (M1), or 6 cycles of Soxhlet extraction (M2), both with re-extraction. Solvents used were distilled water, ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate. M1 allowed to obtain the highest values for extraction yield (31.65 g.100g−1 dw) using water, whereas iodine content (3.37 g.100g−1 dw), TPC (1.71 g GAE.100g−1 dw) and chlorophyll a (45.96 mg.100g−1 dw) were obtained using ethanol, and TCC (36.23 mg.100g−1 dw) with methanol. Extracts that showed higher reduction activity in M1 were derived from ethanol extraction (1,908 mg AAE.100g−1 dw). Water and ethanol were the best solvents for higher DPPH scavenging activity in M2, both with same result (IC50 1.37 mg.mL−1). The lowest value of IC50 for chelating activity (1.57 mg.mL−1) was determined in M1, using ethyl acetate. The remaining residue was used to obtain other products, i.e. lipid extraction (M1, 2.05 g.100g−1 dw), carrageenans (M2, 21.18 g.100g−1 dw) and cellulose (M1, 23.81 g.100g−1 dw) with subsequent FTIR ATR analysis. Our results show that A. taxiformis is a valuable source of bioactive compounds. The M1 extraction methodology using ethanol is the most effective solvent to produce an iodine rich bioactive extract with potential of being used as a nutraceutical supplement. Also, we have demonstrated a possible downstream strategy that could be implemented for multiple compound extraction from A. taxiformis residue. This has a vital importance for future feasibility, when using this biomass as an industrial feedstock for multiple products production. Statistical analysis, using SPSS 24.0, was also performed and important correlations were found between assays and methods.

Invasive Seaweeds in the Iberian Peninsula: A Contribution for Food Supply

“…This seaweed also presents nutraceutical potential as an iodine supplier, presenting a concentration up to 3.37 g/100g DW, benefiting people who suffer from a deficit of this micronutrient [ 102 , 103 ].…”

Successful Approaches for a Red Seaweed Biorefinery

“…The chlorophyll a content of red macroalgae, higher than for chlorophyll b, has been reported in the range 0.35-9.8 mg/g d.w. [3,23,24]. These greenish pigments have antioxidant bioactivity and can be converted into compounds with cancer preventive action [25]. The carotenoids of red macroalgae account for 0.2–1.8 mg/g d.w. [3,26], the major being β-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein and antheraxanthin.…”

“…They could be potential ingredients for functional foods, providing a supplementation in deficitary elements in diets [36]. Rhodophycean species contain important macrominerals, 6.1–21.9 g K/100 g d.w., 1.8–8.1 g Na/100 g, 0.2–0.9 g Ca/100 g d.w. and 0.2–0.5 g Mg/100 g d.w. [4,35,37,38], among the trace minerals Fe was the most abundant followed by Zn, Cu and Se [25]. The low Na/K ratio in these seaweeds is beneficial in relation to hypertension [38].…”

“…Nunes et al [25] proposed a sequence of extraction stages to obtain different components from Asparagopsis taxiformis (Figure 5c). Despite the extraction with water provided higher yields (32%) than ethanol (19%), this latter was selected, because the extracts presented the highest iodine (3.4%), total phenolic (1.7%) and chlorophyll a (45.9 mg/100 g d.w.) contents.…”

“…Processes for the extraction of ( a ) three valuable fracctions from Solieria filiformis [16], ( b ) carrageenan and water soluble bioactives from Mastocarpus stellatus [77], ( c ) carotenoids, lipids, carrageenan and cellulose from Asparagopsis taxiformis [25]. …”