Nurses’ experiences of the social stigma caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study

Nabavian, Majedeh; Rahmani, Narges; Roshan, FatemehSadat Seyed Nematollah; Firouzbakht, Mojgan

doi:10.1177/17449871231159604

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 37 publications

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“… 28 44–46 Findings on poor treatment in the workplace also align with global reports where healthcare workers experienced stigmatisation and discrimination. 47 Other studies have reported links between symptoms of depression and burnout with increased contact with COVID-19 patients or involvement in the COVID-19 response. 18 19 In addition, conflict of balancing work and family, emotional demands (eg, aggressive or troublesome patients) and job demands (eg, lack of preparedness in role) were also associated with burnout.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Service disruptions, trauma and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare providers delivering immunisation and maternal and child health services in Indonesia

Randell,

Wahyono,

Dynes

et al. 2024

BMJ Glob Health

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BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in extreme strain on health systems including the health workforce, essential health services and vaccination coverage. We examined disruptions to immunisation and maternal and child health (MCH) services, concerns of personal well-being and delivery of healthcare during the pandemic as well as factors associated with self-reported trauma or burnout among healthcare providers (HCPs).MethodsIn March–April 2022, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among HCPs in two provinces of Indonesia. HCPs involved in COVID-19 or routine immunisation and MCH services were randomly selected from district/city health office registration lists. We descriptively analysed service disruptions experienced by HCPs as well as trauma, burnout and concerns of personal well-being and delivery of healthcare during the pandemic. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify factors associated with trauma or burnout.ResultsWe recruited 604 HCPs. Mobilisation of staff from routine health services to COVID-19 response duties was a key reason for service disruptions (87.9%). Strategies such as community outreach and task shifting were implemented to overcome disruptions. Trauma or burnout during the pandemic was reported by 64.1% HCPs, with 23.5% reporting worse mental or emotional health.Factors associated with trauma or burnout included delivery of COVID-19 immunisation (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.54, 95% CI 1.08 to 5.94); and delivery of both COVID-19 immunisation and routine immunisation compared with no involvement in vaccination programmes (aOR 2.42, 95% CI 1.06 to 5.52); poor treatment in the workplace (aOR 2.26, 95% CI 1.51 to 3.38) and lower confidence to respond to patient queries on COVID-19 immunisation (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.22).ConclusionHCPs experienced service disruptions, trauma and burnout and implemented strategies to minimise disruptions to service delivery and improve patient experiences. Our study highlights the need to ensure that workforce resilience and strategies to protect and support HCPs are considered for pandemic planning, preparedness and management.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Service disruptions, trauma and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare providers delivering immunisation and maternal and child health services in Indonesia

Randell,

Wahyono,

Dynes

et al. 2024

BMJ Glob Health

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Perceived barriers and influencing factors of psychological help-seeking amongst Chinese nurses exposed to COVID-19

Tan,

Shi,

Yuan

et al. 2024

Journal of Research in Nursing

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused psychological problems among nurses worldwide. However, their willingness to seek professional help is relatively low, due to perceived barriers that have remained unknown. Aims: This study analysed the potential barriers and influencing factors of psychological help-seeking among nurses participating in community COVID-19 epidemic prevention work. Methods: Five variables – depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress syndrome, social support and mental health literacy – were measured from a sample of 667 nurses. Latent class analysis identified homogeneous classes about psychological help-seeking barriers and multinomial logistic regression identified factors associated with potential grouping outcomes. Results: Three categories were identified: major barriers ( N = 17, 2.5%), stigma and accessibility barriers ( N = 132, 21.2%) and low barriers ( N = 518, 76.4%). Mental health literacy was significantly correlated with the ‘low barriers’ class (OR = 0.953, B = −0.047, p = 0.03), whereas depression (OR = 1.091, B = 0.085, p = 0.011) had a slightly positive effect on being in the ‘stigma and accessibility barriers’ class. Conclusions: During pandemics or other social health crises, nurses may experience psychological barriers to help seeking. Communities and hospitals should consider increasing the resources available for psychological counselling services, improving mental health awareness and literacy that may help reduce depression levels and promote mental health.

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The design and psychometric evaluation of a COVID-19 social stigma questionnaire in nurses

Rahmani,

Roshan,

Nabavian

et al. 2023

BMC Nurs

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Background The patient’s fear of social reactions, the disease stigma, and being a transmission agent is a psychological and social consequence of contracting some diseases, especially infectious ones, in any society. The present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a COVID-19 social stigma questionnaire in nurses. Methods This mixed-method study was conducted using a sequential exploratory approach according to the Creswell method in Mazandaran Province (Iran) during 2021-22. The study was performed in three phases: (1) a qualitative phase to explain the key concept, (2) designing the scale items, and (3) an experimental phase with the scale psychometric evaluation. In the first phase, nurses’ experiences regarding the concept of COVID-19 social stigma were evaluated using a qualitative method with an inductive qualitative content analysis approach. In this phase, the lived experiences of 12 nurses working at hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences were extracted through in-depth interviews with semi-structured questions and analyzed by conventional content analysis. The main classes are contradictory feelings, rejection, and adaptation strategies. In the second phase, the designed items were validated by determining face validity, content validity, and construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In addition, the scale’s reliability was determined through internal consistency and stability. Results Following the study’s first phase, a pool of questions with 64 initial items was formed. After evaluating face and content validity, the number of items was reduced to 24 cases. An excellent total content validity (S-CVI/Ave) of 0.93 was calculated for the scale. According to EFA outputs, three factors accounted for the most variance (52.82%), and four items were excluded in this phase. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistic and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were calculated at 0.776 and P < 0.001, respectively. The results of Cronbach’s alpha (0.796) and intraclass correlation (0.793) indicated the correlation and internal consistency of the scale. Conclusion This scale can help healthcare managers and policymakers apply necessary protective measures by evaluating the social stigma of COVID-19 in nurses and emerging infectious diseases that may occur in the future.

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Nurses’ experiences of the social stigma caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

Service disruptions, trauma and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare providers delivering immunisation and maternal and child health services in Indonesia

Service disruptions, trauma and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare providers delivering immunisation and maternal and child health services in Indonesia

Perceived barriers and influencing factors of psychological help-seeking amongst Chinese nurses exposed to COVID-19

The design and psychometric evaluation of a COVID-19 social stigma questionnaire in nurses

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