Nursery practices and management of fungal diseases in forest nurseries in Finland. A review.

Lilja, Arja; Lilja, Saara; Kurkela, Timo; Rikala, Risto

doi:10.14214/sf.a8512

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The coverage of the survey was good, over 80% of the total seedling production in Finland; but the results are based on pesticide use during only one growing season. The pest situation and the need for chemical control at the nurseries vary from year to year depending, for example, on weather conditions (Lilja et al 1997). In June and July 1996 the weather was favorable for diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New nursery technology and systems of production have decreased the growing time for nursery seedlings from four years to one year. In spite of the short growing time needed to produce seedlings, nurseries still have problems with pests (Uotila 1995, Lilja et al 1997.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although interest in using non-chemical methods of control in pest management has increased among forest nurseries, chemical control is still needed to diminish seedling losses (South 1991, Lilja et al 1997). Use of pesticides may, however, also have an impact on the environment (Landis et al 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of pesticides in Finnish forest nurseries in 1996

Juntunen¹

2001

Silva Fenn.

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In 1996 a questionnaire on seedling production and use of pesticides was sent to 33 forest nurseries in Finland. Twenty-eight nurseries answered the questionnaire; thus the survey covered about 80% of the Finnish production of forest seedlings. According to this study, the Finnish nurseries together are using about 1000 kilograms of pesticides (as active ingredient, a.i.) annually. The most used herbicide was terbutylazine (GardoprimNeste ® ), and half of the total amount of fungicide used was chlorothalonil (Bravo 500 ® ). Three fourths of the insecticide products had permethrin as the active ingredient. The nurseries applied, on average, 1.7 kg pesticides (a.i.)/ha annually, although the amount varied considerably between nurseries. In production of container seedlings the highest mean amounts of pesticides were applied to pine seedlings (9.5 kg/ha) and the lowest to spruce seedlings (0.9 kg/ha). To the fi elds of bareroot seedlings the nurseries applied, on average, 3.9 kg pesticides (a.i.)/ha. Mean amounts of pesticide (a.i.) per 1000 seedlings grown in containers were almost the same for birch and pine production, 1.6 and 1.7 grams, respectively; for production of spruce seedlings the comparable values were less than 0.5 grams. For production of bareroot seedlings the nurseries used about four times more pesticides than for container seedlings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of pesticides in Finnish forest nurseries in 1996

Juntunen¹

2001

Silva Fenn.

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“…Traditional reforestation practices in the Nordic countries involve the planting of 1-to 3-year-old nursery produced seedlings in clear-cut forest sites. A predominantly container-grown seedling stock is cultivated in Sphagnum-based substrates and subjected to nursery management, involving application of N-P-K fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides (Lilja et al 1997). However, the growth substrate has been shown to support root disease causing fungi such as Pythium and Rhizoctonia spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the growth substrate has been shown to support root disease causing fungi such as Pythium and Rhizoctonia spp. (Hietala and Sen 1996;Lilja et al 1997). Pathogen control requires frequent applications of fungicides (Castellano and Molina 1990), which, together with heavy N fertilization, suppress the growth of forest-adapted ectomycorrhizal fungi.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal colonization of Scots pine roots by introduced and indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest humus and nursery Sphagnum peat microcosms

Tammi¹,

Timonen²,

Sen³

2001

Can. J. For. Res.

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Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedling combinations were grown in twodimensional Perspex ® microcosms containing forest humus or nursery Sphagnum peat, without additional fertilization. Spatial and temporal patterns of mycorrhizal fungal colonization of roots were assessed over a 3-month period, through visual morphotyping and polymerase chain reaction assisted rDNA fingerprinting of developed mycorrhizas. Six distinct morphotypes of mycorrhiza developed on non-mycorrhizal seedlings grown in forest humus. Three of the morphotypes (white1-, black-, and brown-type) were, respectively, associated with the fungi Suillus bovinus (L. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze, Cenococcum geophilum Fr., and Thelephora terrestris Ehrh.:Fr. (= Tomentella radiosa (P. Karst.) Rick). A fourth pinktype morphotype displayed features indicating root colonization by Tomentellopsis submollis (Svrek) Hjortstam, but this could not be confirmed because of a lack of source restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data. Browntype mycorrhiza were the first to appear after seedling transplantation and black-type mycorrhizas showed local and dispersed root colonization dynamics. Mycorrhiza development in the unfertilized nursery peat substrate was restricted to a single unidentifiable brown-type morphotype, which appeared after 44 days. Rapid colonization of adjacent nonmycorrhizal seedlings by Tomentellopsis submollis, but not S. bovinus, was detected following the introduction of preinoculated seedlings into the humus or peat microcosms. The biomass of seedlings grown in nursery peat, regardless of mycorrhizal status, was significantly lower than that of mycorrhizal seedlings grown in humus. These findings support and extend previous bait seedling studies, as they provide a primary in situ characterization of distinct root colonization strategies of mycorrhizal species in forest humus and nursery peat.Résumé : Différentes combinaisons de semis mycorhizés et non mycorhizés de pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) ont été cultivés dans des microcosmes bidimentionnels de marque Perspex ® contenant de l'humus forestier ou de la mousse de sphaigne utilisée en pépinière, sans fertilisation supplémentaire. Les patrons spatial et temporel de colonisation des racines par les champignons mycorhiziens ont été évalués sur une période de trois mois grâce à la détermination visuelle des types morphologiques et l'utilisation de marqueurs d'ADN ribosomique amplifié par la réaction en chaîne de la polymérase chez les mycorhizes développées. Six types morphologiques distincts de mycorhizes se sont développés sur les semis non mycorhizés cultivés dans l'humus forestier dont trois (les types morphologiques blanc1, noir et brun) ont respectivement été associés aux champignons Suillus bovinus (L. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze, Cenococcum geophilum Fr., et Thelephora terrestris Ehrh.:Fr. (= Tomentella radiosa (P. Karst.) Rick). Un quatrième type morphologique rose avait des caractéristiques qui ressemblaient à une colonisation des racines pas Tomentellops...

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