“…In intensive and acute care units, general roles and responsibilities of NPs and PAs include assessing patients, obtaining patients' history and doing physical examinations, making rounds with the multidisciplinary team, and, for NPs and PAs who have credentials and privileges, performing invasive procedures (eg, suturing, placing central and arterial catheters), and assisting in surgery under the supervision of a physician. 4,6,7 Other roles include serving as first responders for institutional rapid response teams and cardiac arrest teams, doing evaluation and triage for patients outside the ICU, acting as a preceptor for medical and nursing students, providing support and education to the clinical nursing staff, and communicating with patients and patients' families. 8,9 Although the roles and practice of NPs and PAs in the ICU and other hospital-based practices have been studied, [10][11][12][13][14] aside from several investigations 8,15,16 done in single institutions, published information on provider to patient ratios for NPs and PAs is limited.…”