Numerical study on the smoke control using point extraction strategy in a large cross-section tunnel in fire

Experimental investigation on the evacuation performance of pedestrians in a three-lane urban tunnel with natural ventilation in a fire scenario

“…In interviews, the participants explained that their right-handed route choice was based on their habitual and cultural driving, and walking habits; traffic drives on the right in China. This was in accordance with the findings of Zhang et al (2018).…”

“…During a fire incident, escaping passengers must choose the direction and route of their evacuation. Wrong direction or route may lead people towards the fire or into smoke, which will have negative consequences on their health, due to the presence of toxic gases, heat and radiation (Yan, 2018;. Several scientific methods have applied to study fire and risk assessment has been used to evaluate fire and its potential harm to occupants and structure like FAHP (Lyu et.al., 2019 a, b;2020a).…”

The effect of technical installations on evacuation performance in urban road tunnel fires

“…Smoke control systems could be divided into mechanical smoke control systems (point extraction systems and longitudinal systems), and natural smoke control systems that take advantage of pressure difference inside and outside the tunnel (Ingason and Li, 2011;Guo et al, 2018;Tang et al, 2018). The purpose of smoke control systems is to control the smoke in a certain range and to extract smoke out of the tunnel and, furthermore, to slow down the temperature increase inside the tunnel to prolong available evacuation time (Yan et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2019;Jiang et al, 2020).…”

A collaborative approach for urban underground space development toward sustainable development goals: Critical dimensions and future directions

“…From the perspective of architectural design, underground physical space differentiates from surface buildings in terms of lighting, ventilation, limited orientation, overlap of evacuation routes [177] and smoke [178] or flood paths, and ascending exit routes [179]. Therefore, holistic architectural regulations and standards are required to ensure proper safety design [180] and efficient evacuation, as parameterized by exit route (path) width, travel distance, relative location of exit doors [179], and the arrangement of ventilation shafts [181]. The effective measures used to counter external flood disasters include waterproofing facilities (e.g., counter-pressure doors, hinged double doors, shutters, and bi-fold doors) at all tunnel openings (e.g., tunnel entrances, ventilation openings, underground station entrances) and floodwater drainage systems [182].…”