Numerical Study on Behavior of Top-Blown Supersonic Jets and Their Interaction with Bath in BOF Steelmaking Convertor

Computational Investigation of the Splashing Phenomenon Induced by the Impingement of Multiple Supersonic Jets onto a Molten Slag–Metal Bath

“…Overall, reasonably good agreements between the calculated results and the measured ones or theoretical predictions have been achieved for all the parameters listed above. These results have been detailed in our previous studies − and thus are not included here. All the results obtained thus far from the comparisons suggest that the present model can successfully be used to reproduce the key phenomena associated with the jet(s) and the impingement of jet(s) onto one-/two-layer liquid bath, at least qualitatively.…”

“…It is necessary to verify the validity of the mathematical model before applying it to numerical experiments. This has been done by comparing the numerical results against the experimental results and theoretical calculations through different applications, − from simple to complex. The data used in the comparisons include (1) the centerline velocity of each individual jet, as measured by Cheslak et al; (2) the Mach number and mass flow rate of the jet at the nozzle exit, as given by the isentropic theory; (3) the velocity at the lance geometrical axis and the offset distance of an individual jet center to its nozzle geometrical axis, as reported in the previous experimental work; (4) the profile and dimensions of cavity measured by the present authors; (5) the penetration depth determined by the theoretical calculation of Koria and Lange; and (6) the flow rate of kinetic energy through the horizontal cross-sectional area from the empirical model developed experimentally by Nakanishi et al .…”

“…In particular, our preliminary tests suggested that the k –ω model and Reynolds stress model caused numerical instability for the complicated flow system considered. Also, it should be pointed out that a series of model validations in our previous studies − indicate that the standard k –ε model is acceptable in the modeling of BOF, which gives the emphasis to numerical solutions ultimately for industrial applications. In fact, this model has been widely used in the previous studies of BOF (see, e.g., refs and − ).…”

“…The present mathematical model has been recently established to study the BOF steelmaking process. − It is three-dimensional and involves multiphases in a steelmaking BOF, i.e., molten slag, metal, and oxygen gas. Corresponding to the BOF practice, the time-dependent impingement of multiple supersonic oxygen jets onto a bath with immiscible molten slag and metal was modeled under nonisothermal conditions.…”