Numerical study of tides in the Malacca Strait with a 3-D model

Abstract

Malacca Strait (MS) has an important role and potential for many countries. It is a major transportation route for oil and commodities across continents. In addition, various activities such as shipping, fishing, aquaculture, oil drilling, and energy are also carried out in MS. Tides strongly affect the MS environment so that it becomes a major parameter in MS management. This paper is the first study, which presents MS tidal hydrodynamics based on a baroclinic and nonhydrostatic approach. Tidal hydrodynamics in MS and the surrounding waters were assessed using tidal forces, temperature, salinity, and density. This study analyzes the amplitude, phase, current ellipses, and semi-major axis of the tides. These variables are obtained from the simulation results of the three-dimensional numerical models of M2 tides and combined tides (M2, S2, N2, K1, and O1) with nonhydrostatic models. Then the results obtained are verified by observation data. Amplitude and phase of the tidal wave in MS originate from two directions, namely the northern part of MS (Andaman Sea) and the South China Sea (SCS). Tides from the north of MS propagate into the MS, while tides from the SCS travel to Singapore Waters (SW) and the south of MS. This causes a complex residual flow in SW and shoaling in the middle of MS. Shoaling in the middle of MS is characterized by a large amplitude and semi-major, as in B. Siapiapi. The results of this analysis show that tidal waves are dominated by semidiurnal types rather than diurnal types. The M2 current ellipse has dominantly anticlockwise rotation along the west of the MS, while along the east of MS, it has generally a clockwise rotation.

Barrier to Gene Flow of Grey Mangrove Avicennia marina Populations in the Malay Peninsula as Revealed From Nuclear Microsatellites and Chloroplast Haplotypes

“…Our estimation of genetic connectivity among A. marina populations along the West coast of Malay Peninsula through comparison of migration models supported a putative unidirectional dispersal route that was congruent with prevailing ocean currents (Rizal et al, 2010(Rizal et al, , 2012Haditiar et al, 2020). This further emphasizes the relevance of coastal connectivity to mangrove persistence (Van der Stocken et al, 2019a,b) as well as the importance of apparently discrete estuaries.…”

Phylogeographic patterns in cryptic <italic>Bostrychia tenella</italic> species (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) across the Thai-Malay Peninsula

“…Furthermore, our demographic history analyses indicated that the Gulf populations of cryptic species B historically experienced a more recent expansion than Andaman Sea populations. Accordingly, we assume that the connectivity of B. tenella species B population across Thai-Malay Peninsula could possibly be associated with the historical subsidence of Sundaland, leading to a recent population expansion of this alga during the inundation of the Gulf of Thailand, and regional circulation patterns linking these two coastal areas (Haditiar et al 2020).…”

Coastal Water Properties and Hydrodynamic Processes in the Malacca Strait: Case Study Northeastern Coast of Sumatra, Indonesia

“…The bathymetric profile and tidal oscillation cause this. Recently, Haditiar et al (2020) reported another way of tidal propagation from the South China Sea (SCS). The tides from the Andaman Sea in the north and the tides from the SCS through Singapore Waters in the south of the Malacca Strait meet in the middle, resulting in a shoaling in the region.…”